REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 579 OF 2016

UNION OF INDIA & ORS. ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

CDR. RAVINDRA V. DESAI …..RESPONDENT(S)

W I T H   

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 574 OF 2016

J U D G M E N T

A.K. SIKRI, J.

These two are cross appeals filed by both the parties to the

lis.  On the one hand is the Union of India, along with the Chief of

Naval  Staff  as  well  as  the  Flag  Officer,  Commanding-in-Chief,

Headquarters,  Western Naval Command (hereinafter  referred to as

the  ‘appellants’).   On  the  other  hand  is  Commander  Ravindra  V.

Desai, a naval officer with Indian Navy (hereinafter referred to as the

‘respondent’).   

2. On certain allegations against  the respondent,  he was served with

charge-sheet  containing ten charges which led to the court  martial

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proceedings against him.  Court Martial returned the finding of ‘guilty’

on all charges which led to imposition of sentence of dismissal from

the  naval  service  as  well  as  forfeiture  of  24  calender  months  of

seniority.   After  exhausting  departmental  remedies,  the  respondent

challenged its conviction before the Armed Forces Tribunal (for short,

‘AFT’).  Finding certain reasons stated at the appropriate stage, the

AFT decided to itself record the evidence on those  charges by giving

opportunities to both the parties.  On the basis of evidence produced

before the AFT, the AFT set aside the finding of ‘guilty’ in respect of

three charges (8th, 9th and 10th charges) on the ground of misjoinder of

charges  holding  that  it  had  no  connection  with  charges  1  to  7.

However, in respect of charges 1 to 7, the AFT maintained that the

appellant could successfully prove these charges by cogent evidence.

The  AFT,  thereafter,  proceeded  to  consider  the  quantum  of

punishment  and  came to  the  conclusion  that  the  punishment  of  a

‘dismissal from service’ is disproportionate to the nature of charges.  It

also  observed  that  when  the  respondent  had  been  awarded  the

punishment of ‘dismissal from service’, second punishment, namely,

forfeiture of  seniority  for  24 months did not   make any sense.  On

these grounds, the AFT set aside the punishment of ‘dismissal from

the service’ and held that interest of justice would be met  if only the

punishment of ‘forfeiture of seniority of 24 months’ is inflicted upon the

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respondent.  It has, accordingly, directed the appellants to reinstate

the respondent in naval service without payment of any salary for the

intervening  period,  i.e.,  the  back  wages.   Both  the  parties  feel

aggrieved  by  this  judgment.   In  the  first  instance,  they  moved

application  before  the  AFT  seeking  leave  to  appeal.   The  AFT

declined  this  request  stating  that  no  question  of  law  of  public

importance is  involved.   This is  the reason for  both  the parties to

approach this Court.  These appeals were clubbed together.  In the

appeal, filed by the respondent while issuing notice, operation of the

order of the AFT was also stayed.  As a result, the respondent has not

been  allowed  to  join  back  the  service.   Both  these  appeals  were

admitted  formally  on  July  01,  2016  and  direction  was  given  to

expedite  the hearing.   It  was also directed that  interim order  shall

continue to operate.  This is how the appeals have come up for final

hearing in which both the sides were heard at length.

3. With the aforesaid introductory remarks, we now proceed to narrate

the factual matrix of the case in some more detail.  The respondent

was  commissioned  in  Indian  Navy  on  January  01,  1998  as  Sub.

Lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of Commander on January

16, 2011.  At that time, he was posted as the Executive Officer of INS

Mahish at Port Blair in Andaman Island.  His aforesaid posting was

from May, 2010 to June, 2011.  In June, 2011, he was transferred to

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INS Viraat  as  Commander  Operations vide orders  dated  June 02,

2011.  In obedience to the said orders, the respondent along with his

wife  and  daughters  left  for  Mumbai  on  June  15,  2011.   The

respondent  joined  duties  at  the  transferred  place  with  10  days’

leave/joining time.  He had undertaken the  aforesaid journey from

Port Blair to Mumbai by Indian Airlines.  According to him, on reaching

Mumbai he stayed with his sister-in-law Amita Gavankar at Goregaon,

Mumbai as he was on leave till June 25, 2011.  From June 16, 2011

to June 19, 2011, he visited different places in Maharashtra and even

went to Goa with his family.   On June 25, 2011, he shifted to the

official accommodation, i.e., Integrated Mess Sports Complex Cottage

No. 1, along with his wife and daughter, which accommodation was

allotted to him at that time.  On June 26, 2011, he reported to INS

Taragiri, the waiting ship for INS Viraat, as INS Viraat was berth at

Kochi at that time. On June 29, 2011, he reported for duty at INS

Viraat at Kochi.

4. It  may be  mentioned,  at  this  stage,  that  according  to  him he  had

earlier purchased two mobile sim cards for mobile hand sets when he

was  posted  at  INS  Mahish,  Port  Blair.   One  from BSNL with  no.

9476045470 for himself and 2nd from Vodafone South Limited with no.

9564784782 for his wife.  Again, according to him, on 19 th June, 2011

when he had come to Mumbai, he purchased two sim cards from Idea

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Cellular Pvt. Ltd., one having 8108770020 for himself and other no.

8108770030 which was meant for his wife.

5. On July 01, 2011 at about 22.45 hours, he was woken up from his

sleep and escorted by Commander Manoj Jha (PW-20) to Captain

Hari  Kumar,  the Commanding Officer  of  INS Viraat.   Captain Hari

Kumar  questioned him about  mobile  no.  9564784782,  as  sexually

explicit calls were received from the same number by wives of some

naval officers. He explained that this sim card remained in possession

of his wife through out who had used the same.  Search was made

but  no  such  sim card was found with  the  respondent.  His  mobile

telephone no. 8108770020 was confiscated and detailed for 18 hours

whereafter, on the next day, it was returned back to him. Thereafter,

One Man Inquiry (for short, ‘OMI’) was ordered on January 05, 2012.

This  OMI  was  conducted  with  effect  from  January  11,  2012  and

concluded on January 31,  2012.   Thereupon,  the respondent  was

issued a charge sheet dated September 05, 2012 for trial by Court

Martial. Ten charges were framed against the respondent.  Seven out

of which were under Section 77(2) of the Navy Act, 1957 (hereinafter

referred to as the ‘the Act”) read with Section 509 of the Indian Penal

Code (‘IPC’) and three charges were framed against the respondent

under Sections 58, 74 and 48(c) of the Navy Act.   These charges

pertained  to  the  alleged  obscene  calls  purportedly  made  by  the

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respondent to the three ladies.

6. It  is  on  the  findings  of  the  OMI,  Headquarters  Western  Naval

Command directed the Commanding Officer, INS Kunjali where the

respondent  was  attached  for  the  investigation,  to  investigate  and

record Summary of Evidence (SoE) of prosecution witnesses.

7. On September 05, 2012, the Commanding Officer, INS Kunjali read

the charges mentioned in the charge sheet and the respondent was

given  a  chance  to  file  reply  thereto,  which  he  did.   Thereafter,

decision was taken that the respondent be brought to trial of the Court

Martial. In the Court Martial, the prosecution examined 33 witnesses

and produced 40 documents which were exhibited.   The court called

for five witnesses as co-witnesses and exhibited 19 documents as

‘exhibits’ (C-1 to C-19).  After the conclusion of the trial,  finding of

‘guilty’  was  returned  in  respect  of  all  the  10  charges  and  the

punishment  was  awarded  as  mentioned  above.   Thereafter,  the

appellant filed O.A. before the Tribunal.

8. The facts which have been noted upto now would demonstrate that

main allegation against the respondent was that he had made explicit

sexual  calls  to  three ladies,  namely,  Mrs.  Reena Chandel  (PW-9),

Mrs. Aditi Barathwal (PW-12) and Mrs. Pallavi Tiwari (PW-18), who

are wives of  three officers of  Navy.   These calls  were made from

Vodafone Cell  Phone No.  9564784782.   Further,  these calls  were

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made  on  their  landline  numbers  which  were  provided  by  NOFRA

Exchange  installed  and  operated  by  NOFRA  (Naval  Officers

Residential Area).  Each of the officers residing in the area is provided

with an extension number from the Exchange of NOFRA.  They were

not knowing the person making the calls.  They complained to their

husbands, who, in turn, reported to their senior officers and finally, all

the sexually explicit calls made to these three ladies were traced to

Mobile No. 9564784782.  These calls were made to Reena Chandel

on June 21, 2011 in the night, on June 22, 2011 in the morning, on

June 23, 2011 in the afternoon and the last call was made to her on

June 30, 2011 in the morning at 06:57.  Her extension number was

222217.  Thirteen calls were made to Mrs. Pallavi (PW-18) during the

night  between  June  31,  2011  and  July  01,  2011.   PW-12  Aditi

received similar calls twice in the night on June 30, 2011.  According

to the prosecution,  all  the calls  were traced through the record of

NOFRA Exchange to Mobile No. 9564784782 registered in the name

of the accused.  Initially, the Naval Authorities or the officers operating

NOFRA Exchange had no knowledge as to whom the said mobile

belonged.   Therefore,  it  was difficult  for  them to  trace the  person

making  the  calls.   They  approached  the  Deputy  Commissioner  of

Police,  Zone I,  Mumbai,  who  made inquiries  from several  service

providers about the said mobile number.  Finally, it was revealed that

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the said mobile was registered in the name of the respondent with

Vodafone South Limited, having office in Kolkata.

9. In order to prove the aforesaid charge, the appellants were required

to establish the aforesaid ingredients:

(a) The respondent possessed,  at  the relevant time,  Vodafone

Cell Phone No. 9564784782.

(b) Obscene Calls  were  made to  the  landline  numbers  of  the

three ladies and on the dates mentioned above.

(c) These calls originated from Mobile No. 9564784782 and were

made by the respondent and none else.

10. Insofar as first ingredient is concerned, it has been admitted by the

respondent  himself  that  he was having Cell  Phone with  Vodafone

Connection  and  the  sim  card  was  provided  with  phone  number

9564784782.  The defence of the respondent, however, was that on

the relevant dates, the respondent was not having this number and, in

fact, the sim card had been lost and a report regarding the loss of sim

card  was  made  to  the  Police.   Details  of  his  explanation,  in  this

behalf,  are  that  when the  respondent  was  posted  at  Port  Blair  in

Andaman and Nicobar  Islands,  he had purchased two mobile  sim

cards for mobile handsets: one from BSNL with No. 9476045470 for

himself  and  the  second  from  Vodafone  South  Limited  with  No.

9564784782 for his wife, Mrs. Pallavi Desai.  In June, 2011, he was

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transferred and posted to INS Viraat as Commander Operations vide

order dated June 02, 2011.  Pursuant to the said transfer orders, after

reaching  Mumbai,  he  purchased  two  Idea  sim  cards  from  Idea

Cellular  Private  Limited  on  June  19,  2011,  having  number

8108770020 for himself and 8108770030 for his wife.  He claimed

that he destroyed his mobile sim card No. 9476045470 and replaced

the same with new mobile sim No. 8108770020.  He also claimed to

have advised his wife to replace her old sim No. 9564784782 by the

new mobile sim No. 8108770030.  According to him, when officers

visited his cabin while he was at INS, Viraat at Kochi on July 01, 2011

and inquired him about Mobile No. 9564784782, he explained that

the said number was used throughout by his wife.  Thereafter, when

he called his wife, he was informed that said sim card was missing

from her purse.  Then, he advised his wife to lodge a report with the

Police  and  inform the  service  provider  which  she  did  on  July  04,

2011.  It is also his case that when the officers searched his cabin,

they could not find that sim card with the respondent which shows

that the said sim card was not with the respondent and, therefore, he

could not have used the sim to make the purported obscene calls.

11. It is clear from the above that the respondent has admitted the fact

that  he  had  purchased  sim  card  from  Vodafone  with  Mobile  No.

9564784782.  However, according to him, this sim card was not with

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him  and  was  being  used  by  his  wife.   Moreover,  after  he  had

purchased another sim card on reaching Mumbai, this sim card was

not  used  and  was  ultimately  found  missing  even  from  his  wife

custody.  The aforesaid explanation of the respondent has not been

accepted either by the GCM or the AFT, and rightly so.

12. The reason for discarding the explanation of the respondent is that he

has  been  taking  inconsistent  stands  in  this  behalf.   Before  the

Commanding Officer, the respondent had stated that he had thrown

away his sim card in Goregaon and, therefore,  he could not  have

used this sim card at the relevant time i.e. on the dates of alleged

incident  when the obscene calls  were made.   On the other  hand,

when the show cause notice has been issued to the respondent on

July 02, 2011, in response thereto, in his deposition, the respondent

took up the position that his wife has kept the sim card in his purse

and could have dropped it while travelling.

Apart from the aforesaid contradictory versions given by the

respondent himself, one particular piece of evidence produced by the

appellants clinches the issue.  It  is noticed by the AFT that as per

report  dated  July  04,  2011  (Ex.  P-29)  lodged  by  the  wife  of  the

respondent  on  July  04,  2011,  the  sim  card  was  lost  sometime

between 6 pm on June 20, 2011 to June 25, 2011.  However, even

after June 20, 2011, calls were made from this mobile number to Cdr.

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Arjun Kumar (PW-33)  and Cdr.  Arjun Kumar deposed that  he has

received these calls from the respondent.  This aspect is discussed

by the AFT in the following manner:

“If  we  go  by  this  report  lodged  by  the  wife  of  the  accused,  it appears that the said SIM card was lost in transit sometimes from 6.00  p.m.  of  20th to  25th June,  2011.   Now,  according  to  the accused,  from  19th June,  2011,  the  SIM  card  of  his  wife  was replaced by the new card and sometimes between the evening of 20th June,  2011  till  25th June,  2011,  the  old  SIM  card  of 9564784782 was lost.  If it is so, this number could not have been used for making any call at least from 21st June, 2011 onwards.  On perusal of the CDR, Exhibit T-2, it appears that on 20 th June, 2011 at 13.29 hours, a call was made from this mobile number to mobile No.  9619796549,  which  was  the  mobile  number  of  Cdr.  Arjun Kumar.   The record also shows that on 20th June, 2011 itself  at 18.31 hours, again, there was a call from the said mobile to the above referred mobile number of  Cdr.  Arjun Kumar.   There was also call from the said mobile of the accused to the mobile of Cdr. Arjun Kumar on 23rd June, 2011 at 11.46 hours. On 25th June, 2011 at 09.50 hours and 15.06 hours, again, there were two calls from the said mobile No. 9564784782 to mobile No. 9619796549 of Cdr. Arjun Kumar.  Again, there were three calls from the said mobile number  to  the  mobile  of  Cdr.  Arjun  Kumar  on  28 th June,  2011 between  17.15  to  17.55  hours.   PW-33  Cdr.  Arjun  Kumar  has deposed on oath that  he had received these calls  and that  the accused was in contact with him on all these days from his mobile. It shows that the said mobile was being used by the accused even after 25th June, 2011.  Cdr. Arjun Kumar had no reason to falsely depose that he had received the calls from the accused on these days.”  

Dr. Sharma had made extensive argument in endeavour to

dislodge the creditworthiness of Cdr. Arjun Kumar.  However, in our

view, his deposition remains unshaken and credible.

13. Another interesting evidence which have surfaced and which nails the

respondent on this aspect is that as per the respondent himself, he

had proceeded to Kochi on June 29, 2011 to join the duty on INS

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Viraat.  For this purpose, he had left Mumbai on June 29, 2011 by Air

India AI-681 flight which left Mumbai at 5:30 pm and arrived Kochi at

7:20 pm on June 29, 2011.  One of the calls was made from this

phone at 05:01 pm from Mumbai area.  Thereafter, another call was

made from this very phone on the same day at 08:01 pm from Kerala

area.    At  05:01 pm, when the call  was made from Mumbai,  the

respondent was in Mumbai and his flight left Mumbai at 05:30 pm.

He had reached Kochi at 07:20 pm and another call is made at 08:01

pm.  This also shows that the Cell Phone with the aforesaid number

was with the respondent only.  The AFT has lucidly discussed this

aspect in the following manner:

“He claims to have left Mumbai on 29th June, 2011 by Air India AI- 681 flight.  Exhibit P-S is the flight details and the Boarding Pass shows that  the boarding time was 17.05 hrs.   The flight  details show that AI-681 flight left Mumbai at 5.30 p.m. and arrived Kochi at  7.20 p.m. on 29th June,  2011.   Going back to the CDR, it  is revealed that on 29th June, 2011, the said call was made from the said mobile of the accused at 17.01 hrs.  The record clearly shows that the call was made from Vodafone Mumbai area.  Thereafter, the next  call  from the said mobile of  the accused on 29 th June, 2011  at  20.01  hrs.  was  made  and  that  call  was  made  from Vodafone Kerala area.   Thereafter,  all  the calls on 29th and 30th

June  and  1st July,  2011  are  made  from the  said  mobile  of  the accused  from  Vodafone  Kerala  area.   Admittedly,  during  that period, the accused was at Kochi.  If the said SIM Card was found by some other person and he was using the SIM card, he could not travelled along with the accused at the same time and in the same flight.   This document produced by the accused himself  goes to prove,  beyond  any  reasonable  doubt,  that  the  said  mobile  was being used by the accused and none else and, therefore, it must be held that all the sexually explicit calls to the three ladies were made by the accused from his said mobile and none else.”

14. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the prosecution has been able

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to give satisfactory proof to prove that when the offending calls in

question were made, the Cell  Phone with Mobile No. 9564784782

was with the respondent.

15. Coming  to  the  second  ingredient,  in  order  to  prove  that  sexually

explicit  calls  were received by the wives of  the three officers,  the

prosecution  produced  these  ladies  as  PW-9,  PW-12  and  PW-18.

They have explained in detail  having received these calls and the

offending language.  To show that the calls were received from the

aforesaid phone which belongs to the respondent,  the prosecution

had produced Call Data Record (CDR) of NOFRA land line numbers.

Cdr. Anurag Saxena, Officer-in-Charge of NOFRA who appeared as

PW-3 probe the said CDRs of NOFRA Telephone Exchange showing

that all the calls had originated from Mobile No. 9564784782.  He also

produced Exh.  P-10,  which is  the certificate  issued by him to  the

effect  that  the land line numbers of  the three female victims were

provided  by  the  NOFRA  Telephone  Exchange.   He  specifically

deposed that true and correct call records have been produced and

there is no reason to disbelieve that.

16. We now advert to the third ingredient.  From the evidence discussed

above, it  stands established that calls were made from Cell Phone

No. 9564784782.  However, some controversy has arisen in respect

of CDRs produced from the service provider, namely, Vodafone South

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Mumbai and the respondent is trying to take advantage thereof.  In

this behalf, it may be mentioned that in the NOFRA records, though

Cell  Phone  No.  9564784782  is  rightly  mentioned,  the  said  phone

number is displayed as belonging to Idea network.  On that basis, it

was argued that  NOFRA CDRs could  not  have been relied upon.

However,  it  needs  to  be  recorded  that  the  appellants  had  given

satisfactory explanations for the aforesaid mistake.  It was explained

before the AFT that the mobile number of the respondent had been

erroneously shown as an Idea Cell Number due to feeding of Code

“95” as that of Idea Cell in the system of NOFRA.  This was also

clarified  by  Mr.  Fernandes  who  appeared  as  CW-2.   He  was the

Programmer of the NOFRA system.  It is significant to point out that

there is no cross-examination by the respondent on this point.  The

discussion of the AFT, on this aspect, runs as follows:

“The learned counsel for the accused pointed out that as per call record  from  NOFRA,  vide  Exhibit  P-8  for  Extension  No.  7000, Exhibit P-9 for Extension No. 7164 and Exhibit P-10 for Extension No.  6328,  service provider  of  said  Mobile  No.  9564784782 was Idea  Cell.   He  contended  that  in  view  of  this  record,  the  CDR Exhibit  P-27  or  Exhibit  T-2  from  Vodafone  South  cannot  be believed.   However,  the  learned  counsel  for  the  respondents contended that it was wrongly shown that said Mobile Number was of Idea Cell and this mistake had occurred due to feeding of Code “95” as of Idea Cell in the system of NOFRA.  This fact is clarified by  CW-2  Fernandes,  who  was  the  Programmer  for  NOFRA System.  The learned counsel for the accused contended that the accused was  not  given  opportunity  to  cross-examine the  Court- witnesses  and,  therefore,  the  evidence  of   CW-2  Fernandes  is liable to be rejected.  During the trial, the accused was defended by a lawyer.  The accused and his advocate were present at the time of recording of evidence of the Court-witnesses.  There is nothing

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to  show  that  the  advocate  wanted  to  cross-examine  the  Court- witnesses  but  he  was  not  allowed.   The  evidence  of  CW-2 Fernandes has gone unchallenged.  CDR Exhibit T-2 is proved by TW-1  Sabir  Kumar  Deb,  as  discussed  earlier.   Therefore,  no importance needs to be given to the wrong information in NOFRA record that the mobile number was of Idea Cell.”  

It is also pertinent to note that apart from raising the dispute

that  NOFRA record  shows that  it  was  Idea  Cell  number,  it  is  not

disputed  that  phone  number  in  question  as  recorded  in  NOFRA

system is the same which belongs to the respondent.  It is only the

description of the phone number that had been erroneously displayed

as Idea Cell  which aspect has been satisfactorily explained by the

appellants.  It would be of no significance, inasmuch as same Cell

number could not belong to both the Idea as well as Vodafone.   

17. One  aspect  remains  to  be  discussed.   In  the  Court  Martial

proceedings, officer from Vodafone South Mumbai was produced who

had brought the CDR of the Cell Phone in question to prove that calls

were made from this phone.  The said officer was examined as PW-

13 and CDR record  produced by  him was marked as  Exh.  P-27.

However,  before the AFT, the respondent had raised the objection

that Exh. P-27 did not have any evidentiary value as Certificate under

Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 produced by PW-13

was in relation to customer agreement and not for CDR and that PW-

13 was Nodal  Officer  for  Vodafone Mumbai  and not  for  Vodafone

South.  In view of the aforesaid technical objection, the appellants

Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter Page 15 of 29

filed an application under Section 17 of the Armed Forces Tribunal

Act,  2007 for  summoning Nodal  Officer,  Mumbai  Sector,  Vodafone

along with a direction to produce the CDR of the mobile number of

the respondent.  Order dated November 20, 2014 was passed on this

application whereby prayer contained in the application was allowed

and summons issued to the Nodal Officer, Mumbai Sector, Vodafone

for  production  of  CDR  of  the  mobile  number  belonging  to  the

respondent along with the Certificate under Section 65-B of the Indian

Evidence  Act,  1872.   This  order  was  not  challenged  by  the

respondent.   In  response  to  the  summons issued by  the  AFT on

November 10, 2014, Vodafone South Limited, Kolkata had submitted

the CDR as well as the Customer Agreement of the respondent along

with the certificate under Section 65-B which came to be exhibited as

Exhibit T-3.  However, the AFT was not satisfied with the format in

which  Exhibit  T-3  had  been  made  available  by  Vodafone  South

Limited.  In its order dated February 26, 2015, the AFT categorically

observed that the CDR (Exhibit T-3) made available to the AFT was

identical to the previous CDR (Exhibit P-27) in respect of the serial

number of calls, the A Number (i.e. the number from which the calls

had originated) and the B Number (the number to which the call had

been made), the year, time and duration of the call.  However, certain

details such as the date, time, month etc. were missing from the said

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CDR  (Exhibit T-3).  Further, Section 65-B certificate did not bear the

designation of the person who had signed the certificate.  As such,

vide  order  dated  February  26,  2015,  the  AFT directed  the  Nodal

Officer, Vodafone South to produce before the Tribunal the complete

CDR of the said Mobile phone number for the period from June 01,

2011 to July 04, 2011 along with the Customer Agreement and the

Certificate under Section 65-B before the AFT.  The concerned official

of Vodafone had also been directed to be present before the Tribunal

on  March  03,  2015.   In  compliance  Mr.  Subir  Kumar  Deb  from

Vodafone appeared as TW-1 before the AFT and explained that it is

only due to improper alignment etc. that certain information had been

omitted  from  being  generated  in  the  CDR  Exhibit  T-3.   He  also

explained that sometimes because of the failure of the linking system

in the server, some information may not come out.  However, the AFT

decided not to take into consideration the CDR Exhibit T-3.  In terms

of the order dated February 26, 2015 of the AFT, Mr. Sudhir Kumar

Deb, official of Vodafone India, appeared before the AFT as TW-1.

The  AFT  has  recorded  the  testimony  of  TW-1  in  relation  to  the

manner in which the CDRs are stored by Vodafone in the Centralized

Server located at Pune.  TW-1 also produced before the Tribunal –

the CDR of the Mobile number of the respondent (Exhibit T-2) along

with the Certificate under Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act,

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1872 (Exhibit T-1).  CDR Exhibit T-2 along with the certificate under

Section 65-B being Exhibit T-1 duly proved by TW-1.  In his cross-

examination, TW-1 had inter alia stated that whereas CDR Exhibit T-3

(submitted to the AFT in December, 2014) had been generated on

November 01, 2011, Exhibit T-2 had been generated on March 02,

2015  and  had  been  signed  and  certified  by  TW-1.   The  alleged

discrepancy in CDR Exhibit T-2 sought to be pointed out during his

cross-examination  was  also  duly  explained  by  TW-1.   He  had

explained  that  after  2011,  as  per  guidelines  issued  by  DoT,

Government of India, the format of the CDR had been changed.  After

considering the testimony of TW-1, AFT has observed that Exhibit T-

2, submitted by TW-1, is reliable and is properly stored and generated

in the Centralized Server of Vodafone, as under:

“However, Subir Kumar Deb deposed on oath and explained that though  the  CDR,  Exhibit  T-3,  was  submitted  with  certificate  in December, 2014, the heading of the same clearly shows that it was generated  on  November  01,  2011,  while  the  CDR,  Exhibit  T-2, signed and certified by him, was generated on March 2, 2015, after receipt  of  summons from this Tribunal.   He explained that if  the specific command is given for header or heading of the call data for the target mobile number, i.e., the mobile number about which the call data is to be generated, the period, the date and the time of generation are printed and in such case, the first column is always the serial number of the calls.  But if that command is not given the heading  and  the  serial  number  column  are  not  printed.   He explained  that  everyday  hundreds  of  CDRs  are  generated  and printed and possibly, while taking the print of the CDR, Exhibit T-2, he  had  not  given  the  command  for  header  or  heading  and, therefore, heading as well as column for serial number is missing from the CDR, Exhibit T-2.  He further explained that after 2011, as per the guidelines issued by the Government of India, Department of Tele-Communications, the format of CDR has been changed and as per the said guidelines,  missed calls are also required to be

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deleted from the CDR.  He pointed out that these missed calls in respect of  SMS are still  maintained because from the SMS, the company generates revenue, while no such revenue is generated from the missed calls.   Therefore,  the missed calls,  which were shown as ‘Null’ or ‘Nil’ call time in the earlier record, are not shown in the present record, but such ‘Null’ record about the SMS is still maintained.  It appears that the column for ‘Call  Time’ has been shifted from the 9th column to 3rd column due to change in format. In view of the explanation given by witness Subir Kumar Deb, we are satisfied that the CDR, Exhibit T-2, now submitted by him, is reliable and it is properly stored and generated in the Centralised Server, as deposed by him.  We do not find any major defect and the minor changes and the differences in the earlier record and the present record, Exhibit T-2, are properly explained by the witness.”

18. We are in agreement with the aforesaid findings.  Learned counsel for

the  appellants  rightly  argued  that  non-production  of  the  certificate

under Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 on an earlier

occasion was a curable defect which stood cured.  Law in this behalf

has been settled by the judgment of this Court in Sonu alias Amar v.

State of Haryana1, which can be traced to the following discussion in

the said judgment:

“32.  It is nobody’s case that CDRs which are a form of electronic record are not inherently admissible in evidence.  The objection is that they were marked before the trial court without a certificate as required by Section 65-B(4).  It is clear from the judgments referred to supra that an objection relating to the mode or method of proof has to be raised at  the time of  marking of  the document as an exhibit and not later.  The crucial test, as affirmed by this Court, is whether the defect could have been cured at the stage of marking the  document.   Applying  this  test  to  the  present  case,  if  an objection  was  taken  to  the  CDRs  being  marked  without  a certificate,  the  Court  could  have  given  the  prosecution  an opportunity to rectify the deficiency.  It is also clear from the above judgments  that  objections  regarding  admissibility  of  documents which are per se inadmissible can be taken even at the appellate stage.  Admissibility of a document which is inherently inadmissible is an issue which can be taken up at the appellate stage because it

1 (2017) 8 SCC 570 Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter

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is a fundamental issue.  The mode or method of proof is procedural and objections, if not taken at the trial, cannot be permitted at the appellate  stage.   If  the  objections  to  the  mode  of  proof  are permitted to be taken at the appellate stage by a party, the other side does not  have an opportunity  of  rectifying the deficiencies. The learned Senior Counsel for the State referred to statements under Section 161 CrPC, 1973 as an example of documents falling under the said category of inherently inadmissible evidence.  CDRs do not fall in the said category of documents.  We are satisfied that an  objection  that  CDRs  are  unreliable  due  to  violation  of  the procedure prescribed in Section 65-B(4) cannot be permitted to be raised at this stage as the objection relates to the mode or method of proof.

(emphasis added)”

19. We  may  point  out,  at  this  stage,  that  when  the  AFT  found  the

technical defect in Exhibit T-2, it was in support of Section 65-B of the

Indian Evidence Act. The AFT had summoned the record in exercise

of its power contained in Section 17 of the Act.

“17.  Powers of the Tribunal on appeal under section 15.—

The Tribunal, while hearing and deciding an appeal under Section

15, shall have the power—

(a) to order production of documents or exhibits connected with

the proceedings before the court-martial;

(b) to order the attendance of the witnesses;

(c) to receive evidence;

(d) to obtain reports from court-martial;

(e) order reference of any question for inquiry;

(f) appoint a person with special expert knowledge to act as an

assessor; and

(g) to determine any question which is necessary to be  

determined in order to do justice in the case.”

20. It was argued by the learned ASG appearing for the Union of India

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that powers conferred upon the AFT under Section 17 of the Act are

similar to the powers of the Industrial Tribunal/Labour Court specified

in Section 11A of the Industrial Disputes Act and, therefore, judgment

of this Court in  United Planters Association of Southern India v.

K.G.  Sangameswaran  and  another2  explaining  the  powers  of

Labour Court/Industrial Tribunal would be applicable to AFT as well.

However,  we need not  go into  this  question in  these proceedings

inasmuch as the learned counsel appearing for respondent did not

question  the  powers  of  the  AFT  to  summon  the  records  from

Vodafone and permitting the parties to lead evidence before it as well

as  examining  the  said  evidence.   Thus,  in  the  absence  of  any

question mark put up by the learned counsel for the respondent to the

course of action taken by the AFT, we proceed on the basis that this

exercise was validly done.

21. Dr. Sharma, learned counsel appearing for the respondent had taken

pains  to  point  out  certain  discrepancies  in  Exhibit  T-2  as  well  as

Exhibit P-27 and had, on that, basis, made a fervent plea that such

documents had no credence or evidentiary value and, therefore, AFT

had committed a serious error in relying upon these documents.  It is

not necessary to pinpoint the alleged discrepancies which according

to Dr. Sharma had occurred in these documents as we find that these

are  suitably  take  care  of  by  the  Tribunal  itself  and  the  above

2 (1997) 4 SCC 741 Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter

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discussion  as  well  as  the  discussion  contained  hereinafter  would

reflect the nature of so-called discrepancies and the answer thereto

by  the  AFT.   After  purpose  would  be  served  by  reproducing  the

following portion of the orders dated February 26, 2015 passed by

AFT  after  the  official  of  the  Vodafone  South  Limited,  Kolkata

produced  the  CDR  as  well  as  documents  pertaining  to  customer

agreement  of  the  respondent  pertaining  to  his  mobile  umber

9564784782 along with certificate under Section 65-B of the Indian

Evidence Act.

“2. After  receipt  of  the  said  record,  we have carefully perused the Call Data Record submitted with the aforesaid certificate dated 10th December, 2014, as well as the earlier Call  Data  Record  purporting  to  have  been  issued  by Vodafone,  along  with  the  Customer  Agreement  on  26th

December,  2012.   on careful  perusal  and comparison of both the records, we have noted that in the record supplied earlier during the Court-Martial proceedings, against every call,  the  date  was  mentioned  in  full  like  o1-Jun-2011”. However, in the column for the date in the date which is now supplied, against all the entries, except the entry dated “01-Jul-2011”, the dates are missing.  Only year ‘2011’ is shown.  In the prescribed proforma of the data, there are columns for “First Cell ID A”, “Last Cell ID A’, “IMEI” and “IMSI” also.  In the previous record, the information under all  the four  heads  was provided against  each call  entry. However,  that  information  is  completely  missing  in  The record, which is now supplied to us.  The record purports to have  been  stored  on  the  designated  hard  disk  of  the computer/system of Vodafone South Limited and the data, which is supplied to us, purports to have been generated by  the  computer  automatically.   In  view  of  this  system, when certain data has been stored, it must be completely generated  which  the  hard  copy  is  required  to  be  taken. Only some of the record cannot be lost.  For example, if the full  date is generated, the date and the month cannot be lost if year “2011” remains.  Similarly, the data under the four heads, viz., First Cell ID A, Last Cell ID A, IMEI and

Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter Page 22 of 29

IMSI,  could  not  be  lost.   Either  the  whole of  the  record could have been lost or no part of it could be lost.  The Call Data Record, which is supplied to us now, s identical with the previous record in respect  of the serial number of the calls, a number, i.e., Number of the Mobile Phone to which the call  is  made,  year,  time and duration of  the call  are shown.  We fail to understand why the data about the date, month and under  other  heads as indicated above is  not shown in the Call  Data Record submitted to us.   As the certificate  issued  under  Section  65-B  does  not  bear  the name and  designation of the person, who has signed the certificate, it  is difficult for us, at this stage, to know how and why the complete Call Data Record is not submitted to us.  In view of this, even though the formality of issuance of certificate under Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act is completed, we are of the opinion that our order to submit the complete Call Data Record and other documents with the certificate under Section 65-B has not been complied by  Vodafone  South  Limited.   Therefore,  we  find  it necessary to issue the following directions:-

Summons  be  issued  to  Nodal  Officer, Vodafone South Limited, to direct the officer, who is responsible  for  the  operations  and  the Management of the computer system required for the purpose of  providing mobile facility  to secure hard copies of  the complete Call  Data Record of Mobile Phone No. 9564784782 for the period from 1st June,  2011  to  4th July,  2011,  along  with  the record of Customer Agreement and to submit the same to this Tribunal with certificate under Section 65-B, disclosing the name and designation of the person  who  has  signed  the  said  certificate.  The said record shall be submitted before this Tribunal on 3rd March, 2015 before 11.00 A.M. by the officer signing  the  certificate  under  Section  65-B personally without fail.   

We  also  hereby  direct  Vodafone  South  Limited  to disclose the name and designation of the person, who had issued  the  certificate  under  Section  65-B  on  10th

December, 2014, along with Call Data Record and also to keep him present before this Tribunal on 3rd March, 2015 at 11.00 A.M. to explain how some of the data, particularly the dates, First Call ID A, Last Call ID A, IMEI and IMSI, are missing from the said record.”   

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22. In  this  behalf,  we  also  note  that  Mr.  Sabir  Kumar  Deb,  official  of

Vodafone, appeared as a witness, in his deposition before the AFT

had suitably and satisfactorily clarified all the aspects including the

following :

“Examination-in-Chief :

The  Call  Data  Record  of  the  mobile  phones  are maintained in the centralised server located at Pune.  Call records of the phones issued by all the 23 licensees under Vodafone  Limited  are  preserved  and  maintained  in  the centralised server.

The mobile number for which the date is extracted is the ‘target numbers’ for the system. Identity number of hand set from which that mobile number operates is recorded in the column IMEI.  The same handset number will be shown in that column when a call is made or is received by that mobile handset.  However,  if  the handset is changed, the identity of that handset is changed and therefore, number may be same.

When mobile number is roaming outside the territory of the service provider/licensee the Cell IDA and IMEI  will not record the correct numbers because it may not capture the correct number in the area outside the jurisdiction of the licensee.   Therefore,  at  page No.  4  from 3rd entry  dated 15.06.2011, the column for IMEI is blank.  From that entry onwards till the end on 01.07.2011 the mobile number was operating  outside  the  home  network  area.   In  the  last column  the  area  in  which  the  mobile  was  roaming  the operating is indicated.

Now, I am shown the record which I have s8ubmitted to the Court as per Ex. T-2.  After perusing that record with the record available with me,  I  say that  due to oversight, page no. 8 of the record showing the call from 30.06.2011 at 6:20:12 to the call on 01.07.2011 at 21:53:28 has not been submitted  to  the  Court.   Now,  I  am  attaching  the  page containing the said record under my signature and stamp of Vodafone South Limited.  I state that this record is true and generated as per the system.  (The said record is added to the CDR Ex. T-2 as page No. 8).

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Now, the record and letter dated 10.12.2014 marked Article T-1 (Now T-3) collectively is shown to me.  It contains same  call  data  record  which  I  have  produced  today. However, in the record data, first Cell IDA, last cell IDA, IMEI and IMSE columns are blank.  Also, SMS centre column is blank.  The  title  of  that  record  shows  that  the  record  of mobile number 95664784782 from 1.6.2011 to 4.7.2011 and report dated was 1.11.2011.  similar title is not printed on the record which I have submitted today.  The columns noted above  might  have  remained  blank  because  of  some misalignment of columns while taking the prints of the call record.  Now, said record Article T-1 is marked Exhibit T-3.

I maintain that the information in the Call Data Record could not be selectively deleted before taking print.

Cross-Examination:

I  voluntarily  say  tat  sometimes,  due  to  failure  of network link also some date may be missing at  particular moment, and is not printed.  Now, it is brought to my notice that in Call Data Record at Exhibit T-2, column ‘call time’ is listed earlier the Call Data Record at Ex. T-3 where it is 9 th

column.  Now, on perusal of the two records, I see that in Ex. T-2, SMS MT or SMS O are show but in Ex. T-3 they are indicated  as  SMS INC and SMS OUT respectively.   Call Data  Record  Exh.   T-3  shows  that  it  was  originated  on November 1st,  2011 and Call Data Record at Ex. T-2 was originated on 2nd March, 2015.

Now, it is brought to my notice that entry nos. 329 and 330 are not be seen in the Call Data Report Ex. T-2.  There are similar other numbers  also which are missing from Exh. T-2.  I say that wherever there were missed calls, they were shown as NULL.  In 2011, such ‘missed c alls’ have been deleted from the record and, therefore, they are not seen in Call Data Record at Ex. T-2.  However, the SMS which were shown as NULL and which could  not  materialise are  still maintained because the company was to earn revenue.”

23. We, thus, do not agree with the submission of the learned counsel for

the respondent that there were discrepancies in the CDR produced

by Vodafone before the AFT.  In fact, the witness from Vodafone was

able to clear all the doubts which were expressed by the respondent. Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter

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24. In view of this factual position emerging on record, judgment in the

case of Shafhi Mohammad. V. State of Himachal Pradesh3  is of no

avail  to  the  respondent  as  it  is  not  applicable  to  the  facts  and

circumstances of the present case.   

25. At  the end,  insofar as appeal of  the respondent is  concerned,  we

would like to comment that once the charges are proved in the court

martial conducted by the authorities and the AFT also has given its

imprimatur to the same by putting its stamp of approval, that too, after

recording the evidence, with detailed analyses thereof, it  is not the

function of this Court to revisit the entire evidence to find out as to

whether the finding of the authorities below are correct or not.  No

doubt,  the instant  proceedings are in the form of  appeal preferred

under  Sections 30 and 31 of  the Act  and,  therefore,  the  Court  is

examining the matter as an appellate authority.  However, the scope

of such appeal is limited as can be seen from the language of these

provisions:

 “30.  Appeal  to  Supreme Court.—(1)  Subject  to the  provisions  of  section  31,  an  appeal  shall  lie  to  the Supreme Court against the final decision or order of the Tribunal (other than an order passed under section 19):  

Provided that such appeal is preferred within a period of ninety days of the said decision or order:

Provided further that there shall be no appeal against an interlocutory order of the Tribunal.  

3 (2018) @ SCC 801 Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter

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(2) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court as of right from any order or decision of the Tribunal in the exercise of its jurisdiction to punish for contempt:

Provided that an appeal under this sub-section shall be filed in the Supreme Court within sixty days from the date of the order appealed against.  

(3)  Pending  any  appeal  under  sub-section  (2),  the Supreme Court may order that—

(a)  the  execution  of  the  punishment  or  the  order appealed against be suspended; or  

(b) if the appellant is in confinement, he be released on bail:  

Provided that where an appellant satisfies the Tribunal that he intends to prefer an appeal, the Tribunal may also exercise any of the powers conferred under clause (a) or clause (b), as the case may be.

31. Leave to appeal.—(1) An appeal to the Supreme Court shall lie with the leave of the Tribunal; and such leave shall not be granted unless it is certified by the Tribunal that a point of law of general public importance is involved in the decision, or it appears to the Supreme Court that the point is one which ought to be considered by that Court.

(2) An application to the Tribunal for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court shall be made within a period of thirty days beginning with the date of the decision of the Tribunal and an  application  to  the  Supreme Court  for  leave  shall  be made within a period of thirty days beginning with the date on  which  the  application  for  leave  is  refused  by  the Tribunal.

(3)  An  appeal  shall  be  treated  as  pending  until  any application for leave to appeal is disposed of and if leave to appeal is granted, until the appeal is disposed of; and an application for leave to appeal shall be treated as disposed of at the expiration of the time within which it might have been made, but it is not made within that time.”

26. A combined reading of the aforesaid provisions clearly brings out that

appeal to this Court has to be on a point of law on general public

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importance.

27. In any case, this Court has examined the records having regard to the

submissions  made  by  Dr.  Sharma  on  behalf  of  the  respondents.

However, no case is made out that the conclusion arrived at by the

Tribunal was utterly perverse which no reasonable person could have

arrived at.  We have not found any such infirmity at all.

28. Resultantly, we do not find any merit in the appeal preferred by the

Officer.

29. We now advert to the appeal preferred by the Union of India.   As

pointed out above, the limited scope of this appeal is to be on the

quantum  of  sentence  given  by  the  AFT.   After  setting  aside  the

sentence of dismissal from service, the Tribunal has substituted the

same by the sentence of loss  of seniority for 24 months.  Further,

while directing reinstatement in service, the Tribunal has also ordered

that the respondent herein shall not be entitled to pay and allowances

for the period from the date when he was dismissed from the service

till the date of reinstatement, if it is within three months from the date

of order of the Tribunal.

30. The respondent has not reinstated in service as this court had, vide

orders  dated  August  31,  2015,  stayed  the  operation  of  the  said

order/direction.   Thus,  the  respondent  is  still  out  of  service  and,

therefore, lost his salary from the date of the order of the Tribunal

Criminal Appeal No. 579 of 2016 a/w connected matter Page 28 of 29

which  was  passed  on  March  04,  2015.   The  respondent  was

dismissed from service vide orders dated January 26, 2013.  For all

these reasons, we are not inclined to interfere with the order of the

Tribunal on sentence inasmuch the effect is that not only seniority of

the respondent is forfeited by 24 months,  he is also deprived of his

salary for more than five years.  Such a  sentence, according to us,

would meet the ends of justice and in these circumstances discretion

exercised by the Tribunal does not need any interference.

31. As a consequence, both the appeals are dismissed.  The respondent

herein shall be  reinstated in service within 2 weeks from the date of

passing of this order and he shall not be entitled to any salary for the

intervening  period,  i.e.,  from the  date  of  dismissal  till  the  date  of

reinstatement.

There shall be no orders as to costs.     

…......................................J. (A.K. SIKRI)

…......................................J. (ASHOK BHUSHAN)

NEW DELHI; APRIL 18, 2018.

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