REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2197 OF 2020

[Arising out of Special Leave Petition(C)No. 11915 OF 2018]

The Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. & Ors. ..... Appellants

         VERSUS

AMR Dev Prabha & Ors.  .....Respondents

WITH

Civil Appeal No. 2198 of 2020 (Arising out of SLP(C) No. 12139 of 2018

WITH

Civil Appeal No. 2199 of 2020 (Arising out of SLP(C) No. 12867 of 2018

AND

Civil Appeal No. 2200 of 2020 (Arising out of SLP(C) No. 13321 of 2018

JUDGMENT

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Leave Granted.

2. These appeals have been preferred by Bharat Coking Coal Ltd.

(hereinafter, “BCCL”) being aggrieved by the order dated 12.04.2018

passed by a Division Bench of the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi,

wherein a writ petition filed by AMR­Dev Prabha (Respondent No. 1)

had been allowed and the auction process conducted by M/s C1 India

Pvt Ltd (Respondent No. 4, hereinafter “C1­India”) was set aside and

the resultant award of tender by BCCL to M/s RK Transport Co

(Respondent No. 6) had also been quashed.  

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

3. BCCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Ltd, operates coking coal mines

in India and as part of its operations regularly outsources many

mining and processing functions to external entities. Such allocation

of tasks is done through competitive bidding processes, with

Respondent No. 4 [M/s C1 India Pvt Ltd (hereinafter “C1 India”) – an

online procurement facilitator] being appointed as the service provider

for e­tendering of its contracts.  

4.  A Notice Inviting Tender (“NIT”) was issued by the appellant on

09.03.2015 for purposes of ‘Hiring of HEMM for removal of OB,

extraction and transportation of  coal  with  fire fighting  from XIV,  XII,

XI/XII, XII, XI, IX/X, V/VI/VII/VIII, IV/VIII, IV(T), IV(B), III, II I(T) and

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I(B) seams at Patch­DE (Mega Project) of Dhansar­Ena colliery of

Kusunda Area along with crushing of coal by portable crusher’ (NIT No

312).  An initial  estimate of Rs 1694.84 crores was prepared by the

appellant, with the aim of contracting the firm which offered the

lowest cost estimate for fulfilment of the tender work.

5. The bidding was slated to be conducted on the online e­reverse

auction platform of C1­India on 04.05.2015 and 05.05.2015, with C1­

India having near complete supervision and autonomy over the

auction process. In  turn,  C1­India  had hosted  its  server  with Tata

Communications Ltd (“TCL”) which was also providing internet

connectivity through a leased line to C1­India. As per terms of the NIT,

the auction would close at 6:00PM on 05.05.2015. However, the

auction would automatically terminate in case any particular bid went

unresponded for a period of 30 minutes. In case of any technical faults

at the service provider’s end, the auction period was to be paused and

extended by the period of the fault; however, bidders were to be

responsible for connectivity problems at their end.

6. Although the auction proceeded smoothly on the first  day, on

05.05.2015 at around 12:55PM, C1­India is stated to have received

certain telephone calls from various participants claiming that there

were connectivity problems leading to failure in submitting bids. An

email was thus sent by C1­India to TCL at 12:59PM stating “my link is

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down”.  In response, TCL informed C1­India through an email at

2:11PM that bandwidth issues had indeed been experienced owing to

a dual fiber cut in their intra­city network as well as a fault in their

patch cord. In the interregnum, the last bid of Rs 2345 Crores made

by M/s AMR­Dev Prabha (Respondent No. 1) at 12:33PM went

unresponded for thirty minutes, and the auction was automatically

closed at 1:03PM.

7. Taking conscious notice of these technical issues communicated

by TCL and estimating  that  a  lower price  could be discovered had

such fault not arisen,  C1­India (allegedly with the concurrence of

BCCL officials) took a decision to restart the auction process at

2:30PM. Such resumption, with the possibility of extension of time,

was communicated to all  bidders telephonically,  as well as through

emails sent between 2:17PM and 2:36PM. Accordingly, various bids

were received by many participants, including numerous bids from the

now aggrieved Respondent No. 1 and the ultimately successful

Respondent No. 6. The auction proceeded to the extended time of 1

hour  and 27 minutes  (calculated as being  the  time of interruption

between the erroneous closure at 1:03PM and subsequent resumption

at 2:30PM), and Respondent No. 6 was declared successful with a bid

of Rs 2043 crores at 7:27PM.  

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8. This  was  communicated to  BCCL,  which  then after  assessing

eligibility  of  M/s RK Transport (Respondent  No.  6,  hereinafter “RK

Transport”), issued Letter of Acceptance (“LOA”) on 30.05.2015. As per

earlier agreed contractual terms, a Performance Bank Guarantee had

to be submitted within 28 days of receipt of LOA. Respondent No. 6

was unable to do so, and it requested BCCL to provide an additional

two months for compliance. The appellant returned the Earnest Money

Deposit (“EMD”) to all unsuccessful bidders, including Respondent No.

1, through speed post on 18.06.2015. Finally, the requisite guarantees

were submitted after a delay of 49 days, which was condoned by the

appellant and job was started on the ground.

9. Three  months after  closure  of the auction,  Respondent  No.  1

preferred a Writ Petition before the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi

on 10.08.2015, praying for a declaration that it emerged as the

successful L­1 bidder at 1:03PM on 05.05.2015, and for quashing of

the LOA issued by the appellant to Respondent No. 6 for being

arbitrary. Simultaneously, it was also prayed that directions be issued

to BCCL for awarding the contract to them and for conducting enquiry

into the entire matter.  

10. During the  pendency of the  Writ Petition,  Respondent  No. 1

invoked Clause 20 of the  NIT  which provided  for  an  integrity  pact

under  which two Independent  External  Monitors (“IEM”)  had  been

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appointed. A report was received from one of these two IEMs on

23.09.2016 which held that there had been no technical problem and

that resumption of the auction process at 2:30PM was unjustified. It is

relevant to mention that this report was submitted by the first IEM,

acting unilaterally and without according hearing to C1­India and RK

Transport.

11. Simultaneously, the appellant approached the second IEM who

post receiving response from all parties presented a divergent report

with  the observation  that there was no possibility  of  collusion and

noting that the interruption in bandwidth had been established and

thus the subsequent resumption by C1­India was in consonance with

specified procedure.  

12. In light of such conflict, BCCL first approached the

Standardization, Testing  &  Quality  Certification (STQC)  Directorate

seeking an audit, and later upon them expressing inability to do so

owing to the technical nature of the dispute; the appellant approached

the Director General of CERT­In (an independent body under the

Ministry  of  Communications  &  IT  of the  Government  of India).  An

‘Incident Analysis Report’ was consequently submitted by the CERT­In

to BCCL on 30.12.2015. This report broadly concurred with the

observations of the second IEM and found that the process was not

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afflicted by collusion, and confirmed the existence of connectivity

problems which necessitated resumption of the auction process.

13. On  16.08.2017, the learned  Single Judge  dismissed the first

respondent’s writ, holding that a level playing field had been provided

by BCCL to all bidders; there indeed was a connectivity issue and the

subsequent resumption of auction was as per terms of the NIT; award

of contract to RK Transport was not arbitrary for not only was it L­1

but also had offered a bid much better than that of AMR­Dev Prabha.

Further, the first respondent was  held to  have acquiesced to any

possible  irregularity  in the process by participating  in the resumed

auction, and BCCL’s condonation of delay in submission of guarantee

by RK Transport was held to be permissible and in public interest.

14. This  was challenged  by  Respondent  No. 1, before a  Division

Bench of the High Court. During the pendency of the letters patent

appeal, on 18.09.2017, counsel for AMR­Dev Prabha offered a lower

bid of Rs 1950 Crores for the job, which they portrayed as being far

better than their earlier bid of Rs 2345 Crores which they had made at

12:33PM on 05.05.2015. This, however, was refused by the appellant

and instead a work order was issued to Respondent No. 6 on

23.11.2017, who shortly afterwards commenced work.

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15. The Division Bench allowed the appeal vide impugned judgment

dated 12.04.2018 and quashed the LOA issued by BCCL in favour of

RK Transport  and  held that  all consequent  work  was invalid.  The

Division Bench of the High Court further directed reconduction of the

auction and ordered a vigilance enquiry into the matter. Taking

cognizance of the ratio of  RD Shetty v. International Airport

Authority of India1 and Tata Cellular v. Union of India2 wherein

this Court had elucidated the breadth and permissibility of judicial

review in tender matters, the High Court opined that it was concerned

not with the outcome but only the manner in which the decision to

award work­contract was arrived at.

16. Analysing the terms of the NIT, the High Court held that it was

the bidder’s responsibility to comply with system requirements, with

BCCL  not  being liable for any technical  difficulties or connectivity

failures. Tender could be paused only in case of technological/system

failure at the service provider’s end and once concluded, could only be

revoked in limited circumstances. Not only were the complaints non­

actionable for  C1­India  was continuously connected to TCL  which

meant there were no problems at the service provider’s end, but even

1 (1979) 3 SCC 489.

2 (1994) 6 SCC 651.

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otherwise  C1­India failed to  pause the  auction  process  during the

crucial period which it ought to have as per the terms of the NIT.  

17. Noting the absence of any call records or other proof of technical

complaints by the bidders, the delay in communication of resumption

of auction process (observing how emails were sent till 2:37PM

whereas auction resumed at 2:30PM), failure to revoke/cancel

declaration of AMR­Dev Prabha as L1 bidder and erroneous

calculation of the extended time (7:27PM instead of 7:35PM), the

Court held that BCCL and C1­India failed to maintain the sanctity of

the auction process and committed serious illegality which raised

doubts on procedural propriety and indicated arbitrariness in the

decision making process. Such deviations from terms of the NIT were

held to not only be mere aberrations, but indicative of a complete lack

of fair play which affected integrity of the entire process, rendering it

contrary to public interest and consequently illegal.  

CONTENTIONS OF PARTIES

18. Assailing the order of the High Court primarily on preliminary

counts, BCCL vehemently contended that the present case was not

one where judicial review was possible. It highlighted that the scope of

writ jurisdiction in contractual dealings of the State or its

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instrumentalities was extremely limited, and deference to commercial

wisdom of the executive ought to be the norm. The decision making

process was shown as not being illegal as there was no allegation of

receipt of extraneous gratification or violation of any statute; nor

irrational as the decision of resuming the auction process to arrive at

a better price wasn’t such which would offend the sensibilities of a

reasonable person; nor arbitrary as there was substantial discretion

granted by the terms of the NIT. Respondent No. 1’s participation in

the tender process post­resumption was contended to bind him from

making any further judicial challenge, and alternate remedies under

contract and civil law were demonstrated. It was further stated that

the entire process had been upheld by multiple independent

authorities, not least being the CERT­In and one of the two IEMs.  

19. Adopting  such  stand,  Respondent  No.  4 (C1­India) contended

that the slight delay in the decision­making process, wherein it did not

immediately take action,  was because C1­India as  a responsible  e­

services provider was first attempting to determine whether the

interruption was at the bidders’ end or its own. By the time a response

had been received from the entity responsible for hosting and

connectivity (i.e. TCL), the auction had stopped by itself. Instead, it

was argued that upon receipt of written response from TCL at 2:11

PM, C1­India expeditiously took a decision in consultation with BCCL,

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and started informing all participants and resumed bidding at

2:30PM. It was underscored that no prejudice had been caused to any

bidder. Respondent No.1 had more than an adequate opportunity of

bidding,  as it itself submitted  eight  bids  during the resumed  time

frame. Further,  such participation combined with silence  for  three­

months afterwards evidenced that AMR­Dev Prabha did not consider

itself to be L­1 and the present legal challenge was nothing but

commercial opportunism. With regard to the calculation of extended

time, counsel for C1­India submitted that such was immaterial as the

quantum of extension had uniformly been communicated to all

bidders, and everyone had the same information and hence an equal

opportunity. The resumption decision was claimed to have been taken

in good faith and upon a judicious consideration of all factors. It was

thought to be in public interest, and in retrospect, had only resulted

in substantial savings for the public exchequer.

20. Counsel for the appellant, along with that for C1­India

highlighted how the goalpost was being changed by Respondent No.1

throughout the litigation.  Whereas before the  High Court  AMR­Dev

Prabha sought adherence to terms of NIT and strict procedural

compliance, but later they wished to settle the matter at a lower price

claiming larger public interest. This was claimed to demonstrate how

AMR­Dev Prabha’s interest was, in fact, personal and not public, and

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only to win the tender one way or the other and not to maintain the

sanctity of the auction process. The lack of on­the­spot protest,

neither during the auction process, nor at the time of availing refund

of the Earnest Money Deposit; and the substantial delay in filing the

writ petition (after more than 3 months of close of the auction process

and 2 months from issue of the LOA) was nothing but an afterthought

aimed at making a commercial opportunity out of litigation. Hence,

the present proceedings were claimed to be an abuse of the process of

law by AMR­Dev Prabha and only a chance for arm twisting BCCL to

award to it the tender, no better than a contractual enforcement of

private rights.

21. Instead, it was submitted, that any possible infirmity was merely

minor and inconsequential. There had been a substantive compliance

of the tender process and the Clauses of the Notive Inviting Tender

(NIT), and public interest of ensuring the lowest price discovery had

been  kept at the forefront. It  was contended that  hyper technical

compliance was often not possible, nor desirable as often­a­times

strict procedural compliance could defeat the ends of substantive

equality, like in the present case.

22. Reliance was placed on the CERT­IN report to demonstrate lack

of any mala fide or tampering in the process. The interruptions at the

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end of TCL were claimed to be but natural and a part of operational

inefficiencies which were not unheard of in e­tendering processes.

23. On the other side, Respondent No. 1 claimed that it had been

declared as the lowest bidder (L­1) by virtue of automatic conclusion of

the auction process at 1:03PM, post which any resumption was

impermissible and contrary to contractual terms.   Further, a colour

was sought to be cast, by claiming that such resumption  was to

benefit particular parties. The refusal of BCCL to accept the new bid

which was more than Rs 400 crores less than the previous offer was

claimed to  demonstrate this. Per  AMR­Dev  Prabha,  public interest

ought to be prioritised, which according to  Ram and Shyam Co v.

State of Haryana3 would entail that the State instrumentality accept

the best available price, irrespective of formal technicalities.  

24. No  adverse inference could  be  drawn against  Respondent  1’s

participation in the resumed bidding process as the resumption itself

was illegal.  The auction was closed and not paused, and hence no

resumption of a closed bidding process was possible. Even otherwise,

it was asserted that grant of extension of 1 hour and 27 minutes was

wrong. The time should have been calculated from the time when the

internet was affected, which as per the appellant themselves was from

12:55PM as informed to them by TCL. Hence an extension of 1 hour

3  (1985) 3 SCC 267.

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and 35 minutes (and not 1 hour and 27 minutes) was appropriate, per

which the auction ought to have concluded at 7:35 PM, and not 7:27

PM. Similarly, emails for resumption at 2:30PM, were shown as having

been sent to some participants at 2:17PM and to others at 2:36PM.

Further, two persons were claimed to have logged into the system at

2:29PM, that is, one minute before resumption of the e­auction

process,  which wrongly gave them an upper hand  in the e­auction

process. Other allegations were also made regarding login by one

entity using two accounts, which was contended as being

impermissible per the NIT.   

25. All this was postulated to cast a serious cloud of doubt over the

entire auction process. Even during the pendency of the writ petition

before the High Court, instead of complying with an order dated

04.11.2015 to produce all  relevant records, BCCL was said to have

impermissibly referred the matter to CERT­In. However, the first IEM

had held that the server of the appellant was well connected to the

server of the TCL and that there was no problem on the appellant’s

end which would necessitate stoppage or resumption of the auction

process.  

26. On maintainability, although Respondent No. 1 admitted to

having alternate remedies, but it argued that there could be no hard

and fast rule preventing it from approaching writ courts. On the point

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of delay, in their counter­affidavit, Respondent No. 1 has contended

that the cause of action arose after Respondent No. 6 failed to submit

the Performance Guarantee within 28 days per the tender clauses.  

27. Substantial emphasis was placed on the offer made by the

Respondent No. 1 to the appellant during the course of hearing of the

writ petition, the rejection of which was claimed as being contrary to

public interest and settled law which aims at prioritising value

maximisation of the public exchequer.  

ANALYSIS

28. Two clear issues­in­dispute arise from the above discussion. The

first pertains to the maintainability of the writ considering the nature

of tender processes, and the second concerns application of that

standard to the facts of the present case to determine whether there

were lapses on part of BCCL and C1­India.  

(I) Maintainability of Writ Petition  

29. The scope of judicial review in tenders has been explored      in­

depth in a catena of cases. It is settled that constitutional courts are

concerned only with lawfulness of a decision, and not its soundness.4

4  Central Coalfields Ltd. v. SLL­SML (Joint Venture Consortium), (2016) 8 SCC 622; Siemens Aktiengeselischaft & Siemens Ltd. v. DMRC Ltd., (2014) 11 SCC 288.

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Phrased differently, Courts ought not to sit in appeal over decisions of

executive authorities or instrumentalities. Plausible decisions need not

be overturned, and latitude ought to be granted to the State in

exercise  of  executive  power so that the constitutional  separation of

powers is not encroached  upon.5  However, allegations of illegality,

irrationality and procedural impropriety would be enough grounds for

courts to assume jurisdiction and remedy such ills. This is especially

true given our unique domestic circumstances, which have

demonstrated the need for judicial intervention numerous times.

Hence, it would only be the decision­making process which would be

the subject of judicial enquiry, and not the end result (save as may be

necessary to guide determination of the former).

30. This position of  law has been succinctly summed up in  Tata

Cellular v. Union of India (supra),  where  it  was famously opined

that:

“77. ... Therefore, it is not for the court to determine whether a particular policy or particular decision taken in the fulfilment of that policy is fair. It is only concerned with the manner in which those decisions have been taken. The extent of the duty to act fairly will vary from case to case. Shortly put, the grounds upon which an administrative action is subject to control by judicial review can be classified as under :

(i)  Illegality: This means the decision­maker must understand correctly the law that regulates his decision­making power and must give effect to it.

5 Air India Ltd v. Cochin International Airport Limited (2000) 2 SCC 617.

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(ii) Irrationality, namely, Wednesbury unreasonableness,  

(iii) Procedural impropriety."

31. But merely because the accusations made are against the State

or its instrumentalities doesn’t  mean that  an aggrieved person can

bypass established civil adjudicatory processes and directly seek writ

relief. In determining whether to exercise their discretion, writ courts

ought not only confine themselves to the identity of the opposite party

but also to the nature of the dispute and of the relief prayed for. Thus,

although every wrong has a remedy, depending upon the nature of the

wrong there would be different forums for redress.

32. In cases where a constitutional  right  is  infringed, writs would

ordinarily be the appropriate remedy. In tender matters, such can be

either when a party seeks to hold the State to its duty of treating all

persons equally or prohibit it from acting arbitrarily; or when

executive actions or legislative instruments are challenged for being in

contravention to the freedom  of carrying on trade and commerce.

However,  writs are  impermissible when the allegation  is solely with

regard to violation of a contractual right or duty. Hence, the persons

seeking writ relief must also actively satisfy the Court that the right it

is seeking is one in public law, and not merely contractual. In doing

so, a balance is maintained between the need for commercial freedom

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and the very real possibility of collusion, illegality and squandering of

public resources.  

33. Such a proposition has been noticed by this Court even earlier in

Jagdish Mandal v. State of Orissa6  in the following words:

“22. Judicial review of administrative action is intended to prevent arbitrariness, irrationality, unreasonableness, bias and mala fides. Its purpose is to check whether choice or decision is made “lawfully” and not to check whether choice or decision is “sound”. When the power of judicial review is invoked in matters relating to tenders or award of contracts, certain special features should be borne in mind. A contract is a commercial transaction. Evaluating tenders and awarding contracts are essentially commercial functions. Principles of equity and natural justice stay at a distance. If the decision relating to award of contract is bona fide and is in public interest, courts will not, in exercise of power of judicial review, interfere even if a procedural aberration or error in assessment or prejudice to a tenderer, is made out. The power of judicial review  will not be permitted to be invoked to protect private interest at the cost of public interest, or to decide contractual disputes. The tenderer or contractor with a grievance can always seek damages in a civil court. Attempts by unsuccessful tenderers with imaginary grievances, wounded pride and business rivalry, to make mountains out of molehills of some technical/procedural violation or some prejudice to self, and persuade courts to interfere by exercising power of judicial review, should be resisted.  Such  interferences,  either interim or final,  may hold up public works for years, or delay relief and succour to thousands and millions and may increase the project cost manifold.”

(emphasis supplied)

6 (2007) 14 SCC 517.

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34. Such conscious restraint is also necessary because judicial

intervention by itself has effects of time and money, which if

unchecked would have problematic ramifications on the State’s ability

to enter into contracts and trade with private entities. Further, it is

not  desirable or  practicable for courts to review the thousands of

contracts entered into by executive authorities every day. Courts also

must be cognizant that often­a­times the private interest of a few can

clash with public interest of the masses, and hence a requirement to

demonstrate effect on ‘public interest’ has been evolved by this Court.7

35. It is thus imperative that in addition to arbitrariness, illegality or

discrimination under  Article  14 or  encroachment  of freedom under

Article 19(1)(g), public interest too is demonstrated before remedy is

sought. Although the threshold for the latter need not be high, but it is

nevertheless essential to prevent bypassing of civil courts and use of

constitutional avenues for enforcement of contractual obligations.

36. In the present case, although it is clear that the Division Bench

of the High Court was cognizant of these principles surrounding scope

of judicial review,  however, it failed to effectively evaluate  whether

larger public interest was being affected. On the contrary, we feel that

7 Jagdish Mandal v. State of Orrisa, (2007) 14 SCC 517 ¶ 22.

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the interest of Respondent No. 1 was purely private and monetary in

nature.  

37. First,  AMR­Dev Prabha’s initial prayer sought to nullify the

award of contract, which if granted, would have increased the sums

payable by the State instrumentality from Rs 2043 crores to Rs 2345

crores. Second, the conduct of Respondent No. 1 over the course of the

present proceedings, as highlighted by the appellants, further bolsters

the lack of public interest. Whereas initially the first respondent was

seeking quashing of the LOA issued to Respondent No.  6 owing to

arbitrariness on part of BCCL and on the ground that sanctity of the

auction process had been violated;  later, before the Division Bench,

Respondent No. 1 sought to make a new offer of Rs 1950 Crores. This

shows how AMR­Dev Prabha’s priority was only to secure the contract

and not to uphold the law or protect larger public interest.  

38. Even otherwise, granting such a prayer means that Respondent

No. 1 would have gotten a special opportunity of negotiation, to the

detriment of all other participants, which would probably be a more

egregious  violation of equality  envisaged under  Article  14 than  the

procedural adherence which they were initially seeking to protect.  

39. Additionally,  we are  not impressed with the  first  respondent’s

argument that there is a certain public interest at stake whenever the

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public exchequer is involved.  There  are various factors in  play, in

addition to mere bidding price, like technical ability and timely

completion which must be kept in mind. And adopting such

interpretation would permanently  blur the  line between contractual

disputes involving the State and those affecting public law. This has

aptly been highlighted in  Raunaq International Ltd. v. IVR

Construction Ltd.8  

“11. When a writ petition is filed in the High Court challenging the award of a contract by a public authority or the State, the court  must  be satisfied  that there  is  some element  of  public interest involved in entertaining such a petition.  If, for example, the  dispute is  purely  between  two tenderers, the court  must be very careful to see if there is  any element  of  public interest involved in the litigation.  A mere difference in the prices offered by the two tenderers may  or  may  not be  decisive in  deciding  whether  any public interest is involved in intervening in such a commercial transaction. It is important to bear in mind that by court intervention, the proposed project may be considerably delayed thus escalating the cost far  more than  any saving which the court  would  ultimately effect in public  money  by deciding the dispute in favour of one tenderer or the other tenderer. Therefore, unless the court is satisfied that there is a substantial amount of public interest, or the transaction is entered  into  mala  fide, the court  should not intervene under Article 226 in disputes between two rival tenderers.”

(emphasis supplied)

40. Further, the  first  respondent has  failed to demonstrate  which

public law right it was claiming. The main thrust of AMR­Dev Prabha’s

8 (1999) 1 SCC 492.

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case has been on the fact that at 1:03PM on 05.05.2015 it was

declared the lowest bidder (or L­1). However, being declared the L­1

bidder does not bestow upon any entity a public law entitlement to

award of the contract, as noted in  Maa Binda Express Carrier v.

North­East Frontier Railway9:

“8. The scope of judicial review in matters relating to award of contracts by the State and its instrumentalities is settled by a long line of decisions of this Court. While these decisions clearly recognise that power exercised by the Government and its instrumentalities in regard to allotment of contract is subject to judicial review at the instance of an aggrieved party, submission of  a  tender  in response  to  a  notice inviting such tenders is no more than making an offer which the State or its agencies are under no obligation to accept.  The bidders participating in the tender process cannot, therefore, insist that their tenders should be accepted simply because a given tender is the highest or lowest depending upon whether the contract is for sale of public property or for execution of works on behalf of the Government. All that participating bidders are entitled to is a fair,  equal  and non­discriminatory treatment  in  the matter of evaluation of their tenders. It is  also fairly  well  settled that award of a contract is essentially  a commercial transaction which must be determined on the basis of consideration that are relevant to such commercial decision. This implies that terms subject to which tenders are invited are not open to the judicial  scrutiny unless  it is found that the same have been tailor­made to benefit any particular tenderer or class of tenderers. So also, the authority inviting tenders can enter into negotiations or grant relaxation for bona fide and cogent reasons provided such relaxation is permissible under the terms governing the tender process.”

(emphasis supplied)

9 (2014) 3 SCC 760.

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41. Instead, precedent laid down by this Court in  Master Marine

Services (P) Ltd v. Metcalfe & Hodg Kinson (P) Ltd,10 illustrates that

if a prayer for re­bidding is on account of a desire to get a better price,

then involvement of Article 14 of the Constitution would not be made

out.  

42. Further, regular recourse was made over the course of

proceedings by learned senior counsel for the first respondent on

terms of the NIT. Findings in the impugned order too were based upon

disputed  interpretation of  such contractual terms.  Thus, it is  clear

that  there was neither any public law right of the  first  respondent

which was affected, nor was there any public interest sought to be

furthered.  

(II) Infirmities in the auction process

43. On merits also, we do not feel that the impugned order is correct

in its conclusion that there were substantial procedural lapses on part

of BCCL and C1­India which amount to arbitrariness, and ought to be

remedied by way of judicial review.  

44. Instead,  having the benefit  of  a  detailed  inquiry  report  of the

Central Vigilance Commission (“CVC”), we are of the firm opinion that

10 (2005) 6 SCC 138.

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both the appellant and Respondent No. 4 acted in a bona fide manner

and as per  their  abilities.  Even  if it is true that  BCCL could have

assumed more responsibility and C1­India could  have exercised a

more proactive role in checking for internet issues, yet the possibility

of improvement can’t  be a ground  for  striking down an authority’s

action. Additionally, no allegation of the decisions being accentuated

by illegal gratification, or otherwise being fraudulent or contrary to a

statute have either been clearly made or established.

45. It would thus be apt at this stage to reproduce the concluding

passage of fact finding enquiry conducted by CVC, which reads as

follows:

“It is significant to place on record that the notification of closure of the reverse auction generated by system at 13:03:47 hrs on 05.05.2015 submitted by M/s AMR Dev Prabha, in fact, belongs to another bidder M/s. Montecarlo Ltd. Neither BCCL nor  C1  India  Pvt.  Ltd.  have ever  placed such notification on record. It remaims unclear as to how and when M/s. AMR Dev Prabha got possession of this document, which actually belonged to M/s. Montecarlo Ltd. and which became the basis for  M/s.  AMR Dev  Prabha to stake their claim of  being the lowest bidder at 13.03.47 hrs. It is also seen that this important fact, of  generation  of  notification  of closure  of the auction by the system at 13:03:47 Hours, as the bid of M/s AMR Dev Prabha remained unresponded for the specified period of 30 minutes, was neither reported by C1 India to BCCL nor to the participating bidders. Such, notification of closure of the auction, even though generated during the period of interruption in connectivity of the bidders with the server, should have been declared as ‘null and void’ before restarting the auction process. Even, BCCL did not demand any report

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from C1 India Pvt. Limited for the interruption period so as to take a call before proceeding further for restart of the reverse auction  process.  Further, considering that  during this  period BCCL was aware of the connectivity problem being faced by the bidders, it should have exercised intense real time monitoring which have not been done. Failure to do so is a reflection of the fact the adequate incident management system was not put in place by the service provider M/s. C1 India Pvt. Ltd. to handle such eventuality effectively.

While there was lack of control and supervision on part of BCCL, however, the Committee has not come across any evidence suggesting mala­fide on their part. As regards to C1 India Pvt.  Ltd., their  conduct  has been found to  be  far from satisfactory.”  

46. We do not deem it  necessary to venture  into  the existence of

technical problems of limited bandwidth, for the same is a question of

fact. However, given the concurrent finding of the second IEM, CERT­

In, TCL, as well as the CVC, we feel that the Division Bench erred in

holding that there were no technical difficulties. Furthermore, such a

conclusion  is  at  odds  with  subsequent  occurrences.  A finding  that

there were no internet problems implies that no other bidder deemed

it appropriate to counter the bid of Rs 2345 crores offered by

Respondent No. 1 at 12:33PM and that it was the competitively

determined lowest price. However, it is obvious that minutes into the

resumption of the auction process bids started coming in and more

than a dozen bids were received subsequently, with the last bid of Rs

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2043 crores  having been made mere seconds before  closure of the

auction at 7:27PM.  

47. With regard to other allegations concerning condonation of

Respondent  No.  6’s  delay in  producing  guarantees,  we  would  only

reiterate that there is no prohibition in law against public authorities

granting relaxations  for  bona  fide reasons. In  Shobikaa Impex  (P)

Ltd. v. Central Medical Services Society11, it has been noted that:

“… the State can choose its own method to arrive at a decision and it is free to grant any relaxation for bona fide reasons, if the tender conditions  permit such  a relaxation. It has been further  held that the State, its corporations, instrumentalities and agencies have the public duty to be fair to all concerned. Even when some defect is found in the decision­making process, the Court must exercise its discretionary powers under Article 226 with great caution and should exercise  it  only  in furtherance of public interest and not merely on the making out of a legal point.”

48. Even if there had been a minor deviation from explicit terms of

the NIT, it would not be sufficient by itself in the absence of mala fide

for courts to set aside the tender at the behest of  an unsuccessful

bidder.12  This is because notice must be kept of the impact of

overturning an executive decision and its impact on the larger public

interest in the form of cost overruns or delays.  

11 (2016) 16 SCC 233.

12 Central Coalfields Ltd v. SLL­SML (Joint Venture Consortium), (2016) 8 SCC 622

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49. There is also no need to venture into questions concerning

quantum of extension of time. It is clear that the same message was

communicated  by  CI–India to all, stating that the  auction  process

would be extended by a period equivalent to the time between closure

of auction at 1:03PM and resumption at 2:30PM. Not only did such

uniform communication  put all bidders on an equal footing, but there

was no possibility of  any confusion given the clear wordings of  the

email. When it is not the case of Respondent No. 1 that they thought

that auction would close at 7:35PM and hence they were taken by

surprise at the early closure, nor did they in fact highlight or object to

such interpretation over the course of the resumed auction process,

the question is moot and a finding ought not to be given on it.  

50. Additionally,  we  also  do  not  see  merit in the justification for

delay in filing writ proffered by the first respondent. It is claimed that

the cause of  action arose when Respondent No.  6  failed to  submit

guarantees within a period of 28 days. However, we do not see how

that would allow AMR­Dev Prabha to challenge the entire process of

auction, or overcome the settled legal principle of privity of contract

between Respondent No. 6 and the appellant. (III) Deference to authority’s interpretation

51. Lastly, we deem it necessary to deal with another fundamental

problem.   It is obvious that Respondent No. 1 seeks to only enforce

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terms of the NIT. Inherent in such exercise is interpretation of

contractual terms. However, it must be noted that judicial

interpretation  of  contracts in the  sphere  of  commerce  stands  on a

distinct footing than while interpreting statutes.  

52. In the present facts, it is clear that BCCL and C1­India have laid

recourse to Clauses of the NIT, whether it be to justify condonation of

delay of Respondent No. 6 in submitting performance bank guarantees

or their decision to resume auction on grounds of technical failure.

BCCL having authored these documents, is better placed to appreciate

their requirements and interpret them.13  

53. The High Court ought to have deferred to this understanding,

unless it was patently perverse or mala fide. Given how BCCL’s

interpretation of these clauses was plausible and not absurd, solely

differences in opinion of contractual interpretation ought not to have

been grounds for the High Court to come to a finding that the

appellant committed illegality.

CONCLUSION

54. In light of the above discussion, the appeal filed by Bharat

Coking Coal Ltd, as well as connected appeals filed by M/s RK

Transport  and M/s C1  India Pvt  Ltd,  are  allowed.  Resultantly, the 13 Afcons Infrastructure Ltd v. Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, (2016) 16 SCC 818 at ¶ 15.

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appeal filed  by  AMR­Dev  Prabha  is  dismissed.  The  Division  Bench

judgment of the High Court dated 12.04.2018 is set­aside and the writ

petition filed by AMR­Dev Prabha is dismissed.  No order as to costs.

……………………….. CJI.    (S. A. BOBDE)

 ………………………… J. (B.R. GAVAI)

…………………………. J. (SURYA KANT)

 NEW DELHI

DATED : 18.03.2020

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