SHUDHAKAR Vs STATE OF M.P.
Bench: SWATANTER KUMAR,FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA
Case number: Crl.A. No.-002472-002472 / 2009
Diary number: 11771 / 2009
Advocates: NIRMAL CHOPRA Vs
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2472 OF 2009
Shudhakar … Appellant
Versus
State of M.P. … Respondent
J U D G M E N T
Swatanter Kumar, J .
1. An important question of criminal jurisprudence as to in a
case of multiple variable dying declarations, which of the dying
declaration would be taken into consideration by the Court, what
principles shall guide the judicial discretion of the Court or
whether such contradictory dying declarations would
unexceptionally result in prejudice to the case of the prosecution,
arises in the present case.
2. The facts as brought out in the case of the prosecution are
that the accused Shudhakar was married to the deceased
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Ratanmala and they used to live at Ganesh Chowk Seoni, Tehsil
and District Seoni, Madhya Pradesh. They were living in the
house of one Krishna Devi Tiwari. The accused was suspicious
about the character of his wife Ratanmala. On the date of
occurrence, i.e., 25th July, 1995, there was argument between the
husband and the wife in consequence to which the accused
assaulted Ratanmala. Thereafter, he poured kerosene oil on her
and put her ablaze by lighting a match stick due to which there
was smoke in the house. The people living nearby gathered
around the house upon seeing the smoke and finding Ratanmala
in burning condition, took her to the hospital wherein she was
admitted by PW8, Dr. M.N. Tiwari and was occupying bed No.10
of the surgical ward of the district hospital. Except the upper
portion, her entire body had been burnt. Her body was smelling
of kerosene. The injuries were fresh. According to the medical
evidence, they were caused within five hours and the burn
injuries were fatal for life. As per the statement of PW4, Dr. H.V.
Jain, one Dr. Smt. A. Verma, lady doctor, gynaecologist had
accompanied him for the post mortem of the dead body of the
deceased which was brought by Constable Bhoje Lal from Seoni.
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Statement of PW4 clearly shows that upon post mortem
examination, Rigor Mortis was found on the entire dead body.
Both the eyes were closed, superficial burns were present on the
entire body. The skin had separated at a number of places. The
body was burnt between 97 per cent to 100 per cent. There were
burn injuries on the skull and occipital region. The cause of
death was shock and hipobolamar which was caused due to
severe burn injuries and due to fluid loss.
3. It is the case of the prosecution that Ratanmala had told the
people gathered there that the accused had burnt her by pouring
kerosene oil on her. When she reached the hospital, the doctor
had informed the police. The doctors also informed the Naib
Tehsildar, DW1, who came to the hospital and recorded the first
dying declaration (Exhibit D/2) of the deceased Ratanmala at
4.35 p.m. on 25th July, 1995. In her first dying declaration, she
did not implicate her husband and stated that she received the
burn injuries from a stove while cooking food. Before her death,
two more dying declarations were recorded in the hospital. One
(the second) declaration (Exhibit P-12) was recorded by Rajiv
Srivastava, Tehsildar (PW9) at 6.30 p.m. on the same date. In
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relation thereto, Dr. Jain had endorsed the certificate of fitness of
the deceased to make the statement. The third dying declaration
(Exhibit P-6) was recorded by Sub-Inspector D.C. Doheria, (PW7)
in presence of two independent witnesses, Bharat Kumar and
Abdul Rehman. In these two subsequent dying declarations
recorded by PW9 and PW7, respectively, the deceased had
specifically implicated the accused by clearly stating that he had
put kerosene oil on her and set her on fire. The reason for not
implicating her husband in her first dying declaration was that
there was every likelihood that his husband would lose the job.
4. Unfortunately, she succumbed to the burn injuries and died
in the hospital itself. Inquest proceedings were carried out. The
Investigating Officer prepared the site plan and the body of the
deceased was subject to post mortem which was performed by
PW4, Dr. H.V. Jain. The Investigating Officer recovered matches
as well as burnt match, broken mangalsutra and burnt saree
from the place of occurrence. Among certain other articles
recovered from the site, one can was also recovered in which
about one litre of kerosene oil was still remaining.
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5. Now, we may discuss some of the prosecution witnesses.
PW1, Krishna Bai Tiwari is the landlady in whose house the
accused and the deceased used to live. According to her,
quarrels used to take place between the husband and the wife
and even cooked food used to be left behind in their house. The
accused frequently used to be under the influence of liquor.
About 4-6 days prior to the date of occurrence, she had been
called by the deceased to request the accused to have food.
According to this witness, on the date of occurrence, the
deceased had requested her to accompany her to the bank for
opening an account, which she had done and a bank account in
the name of the deceased was opened. Thereafter, she went
upstairs but after some time, the boys of the locality told her that
smoke was coming out from the room upstairs. When she went
upstairs along with other people, she saw the deceased in flames.
They doused the flames in the mattress in an attempt to save the
deceased. On being asked, Ratanmala told her that she had
been burnt by the accused by pouring kerosene oil on her.
6. PW3, Gunwant, father of the deceased, is another witness
who stated that the deceased often told him that the accused,
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after drinking liquor, used to beat her. The sister of the accused
had come and informed him that the deceased had received burn
injuries and was admitted to the hospital.
7. PW5, Rajender Dubey, is a witness who was present near
the house of the accused at the time of the occurrence and after
seeing the fire, he had gone up to the house of the accused and
saw that smell of kerosene was coming from the room. The
deceased’s body was burnt and she told him that her husband
had poured kerosene on her body and set her on fire. To similar
effect is the statement of PW6, Mohan Lal Yadav. This witness,
however, added that the accused was trying to extinguish the
fire. Further, as already noticed, PW7, D.C. Daharia, had
recorded her statement (Exhibit P-6). Even the accused was
stated to be present at the time of recording of the third dying
declaration and she clarified that she had not received burn
injuries from the stove, as said by her earlier. We have already
noticed the evidence of the doctors.
8. It is evident that the defence had examined two witnesses,
namely, DW1, Sumer Singh, Naib Tehsildar and DW2, Dr. S.L.
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Multani. DW1 had recorded the first dying declaration of the
deceased. According to this witness and as per Exhibit D2, the
statement recorded by him, it is clear that he did not take the
certification of the doctor prior to the recording of the statement
to the effect that she was in a fit state of mind to make the
statement. Exhibit P12 was the second dying declaration that
was recorded and Kamat Prasad Sonadia, the witness was
present at the time of recording of this dying declaration. DW2,
Dr. S.L. Multani who was examined by the defence also stated
that if a person tries to burn another and the burnt person
pushes, then it is possible to suffer such injuries as had been
suffered by the accused.
9. It is a settled principle of law that the prosecution has to
prove its case beyond any reasonable doubt while the defence
has to prove its case on the touchstone of preponderance and
probabilities. Despite such a concession, the accused has
miserably failed to satisfy the court by proving his stand which
itself was vague, uncertain and, to some extent, even
contradictory.
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10. Exhibit P12, the second declaration of the deceased can be
usefully referred to at this stage as under :
“Certified that Ratnabai W/o Sudhakar admitted in FSW is fully conscious to give her statement.
Sd/- 25.7.95.
6.30 P.M.
What is your name :- Ratna Time 6.30
Husband’s name : Sudhakar
Age and place of : 21 Years Ganesh Residence : Chowk.
What happened : My husband Sudhakar burnt me.
Shy burnt :
Today I had gone along with mother to get passbook prepared. After returning back, my husband quarreled with me and gave filthy abuses and said that you are a bad character and that you have illicit relationship. After that my husband pour kerosene oil over me
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and set me on fire. Earlier I had given wrong statement on tutoring of my husband.
Sd/- 25.7.95
Time 6.30 P.M.
Certified that Pt was conscious to giver her statement.
Sd/- 25.7.95 Time 6.45”
11. To similar effect is the third dying declaration, however, in
some more detail, which was recorded in presence of witnesses by
the Investigating Officer. After the prosecution evidence was
concluded, the statement of the accused under Section 313 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) was recorded wherein
the accused admitted the fact that the deceased was his wife and
she died because of burn injuries. Rest of the incriminating
circumstances and evidence put to him were disputed and denied
by the accused. However, in answer to question number 13, as to
whether he would like to say something in his defence, he stated
that his wife Ratanmala died in a fire incident and he had made
efforts to save her and in that process he also suffered some
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injuries. The accused denied that he had put her on fire and
deposed that he was innocent.
12. The learned Trial Court found that the prosecution had been
able to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt and, thus, held
the accused guilty of an offence under Section 302 IPC and
punished him to undergo imprisonment for life and to pay a fine
of Rs.5,000/-, in default thereof to undergo one year’s rigorous
imprisonment.
13. Upon the appeal preferred by the accused, the High Court
affirmed the judgment of conviction and order of sentence and
dismissed the appeal, giving rise to the present appeal.
14. The main argument advanced by the learned counsel
appearing for the appellant, while impugning the judgment under
appeal, is that the deceased had made various dying declarations.
The first dying declaration had completely absolved the accused.
Recording of subsequent dying declarations (Exhibit D2) could
not be made the basis of conviction keeping in view the facts and
circumstances of the present case. Reliance was placed upon the
judgment of this Court in the case of Laxman v. State of
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Maharashtra [(2002) 6 SCC 710] to contend that the first dying
declaration should be believed and accused be acquitted as it was
not necessary that there should be due certification by the doctor
as a condition precedent to recording of the dying declaration. It
has also been argued that the prosecution concealed from the
Court and did not itself produce the first dying declaration which
has been proved by DW1. Thus, presumption under Section 114
of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (for short the ‘the Evidence Act’)
should be drawn against the prosecution and benefit be given to
the accused. The first dying declaration should be preferred as it
is the most genuine statement made by the deceased and in the
present case will entitle the accused for an order of acquittal by
this Court. Reliance has been placed upon the judgment of this
Court in the case of Muthu Kutty v. State [(2005) 9 SCC 113] in
that regard.
15. To the contrary, the argument on behalf of the State is that
the first dying declaration is based on falsehood and was made
under the influence of the family members of the accused. The
second and third dying declarations had been recorded after due
certification by the doctor and are duly corroborated by other
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prosecution evidence. The deceased herself has provided the
reason why she had made the first dying declaration which was
factually incorrect. While placing reliance upon the judgment of
this Court in the case of Lakhan v. State of M.P. [(2010) 8 SCC
514], it has been contended that in the case of contradictory
dying declarations, the one which is proved and substantiated by
other evidence should be believed. Since Exhibit P12 is the true
dying declaration of the deceased, the accused has rightly been
convicted under Section 302 IPC and the present appeal is liable
to be dismissed.
16. We may, now, refer to some of the judgments of this Court
in regard to the admissibility and evidentiary value of a dying
declaration. In the case of Bhajju @ Karan v. State of M.P.
[(2012) 4 SCC 327], this Court clearly stated that Section 32 of
the Evidence Act was an exception to the general rule against
admissibility of hearsay evidence. Clause (1) of Section 32 makes
statement of the deceased admissible, which has been generally
described as dying declaration. The court, in no uncertain terms,
held that it cannot be laid down as an absolute rule of law that
dying declaration cannot form the sole basis of conviction unless
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it is corroborated by other evidence. The dying declaration, if
found reliable, could form the basis of conviction. This principle
has also earlier been stated by this Court in the case of Surinder
Kumar v. State of Haryana (2011) 10 SCC 173 wherein the
Court, while stating the above principle, on facts and because of
the fact that the dying declaration in the said case was found to
be shrouded by suspicious circumstances and no witness in
support thereof had been examined, acquitted the accused.
However, the Court observed that when a dying declaration is
true and voluntary, there is no impediment in basing the
conviction on such a declaration, without corroboration.
17. In the case of Chirra Shivraj v. State of Andhra Pradesh
[(2010) 14 SCC 444], the Court expressed a caution that a
mechanical approach in relying upon the dying declaration just
because it is there, is extremely dangerous. The court has to
examine a dying declaration scrupulously with a microscopic eye
to find out whether the dying declaration is voluntary, truthful,
made in a conscious state of mind and without being influenced
by other persons and where these ingredients are satisfied, the
Court expressed the view that it cannot be said that on the sole
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basis of a dying declaration, the order of conviction could not be
passed.
18. In the case of Laxman (supra), the Court while dealing with
the argument that the dying declaration must be recorded by a
Magistrate and the certificate of fitness was an essential feature,
made the following observations. The court answered both these
questions as follows:
“3. The juristic theory regarding acceptability of a dying declaration is that such declaration is made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death and when every hope of this world is gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced, and the man is induced by the most powerful consideration to speak only the truth. Notwithstanding the same, great caution must be exercised in considering the weight to be given to this species of evidence on account of the existence of many circumstances which may affect their truth. The situation in which a man is on the deathbed is so solemn and serene, is the reason in law to accept the veracity of his statement. It is for this reason the requirements of oath and cross- examination are dispensed with. Since the accused has no power of cross-examination, the courts insist that the dying declaration should be of such a nature as to inspire full confidence of the court in its truthfulness and correctness. The court, however, has always to be on guard to see that the
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statement of the deceased was not as a result of either tutoring or prompting or a product of imagination. The court also must further decide that the deceased was in a fit state of mind and had the opportunity to observe and identify the assailant. Normally, therefore, the court in order to satisfy whether the deceased was in a fit mental condition to make the dying declaration looks up to the medical opinion. But where the eyewitnesses state that the deceased was in a fit and conscious state to make the declaration, the medical opinion will not prevail, nor can it be said that since there is no certification of the doctor as to the fitness of the mind of the declarant, the dying declaration is not acceptable. A dying declaration can be oral or in writing and any adequate method of communication whether by words or by signs or otherwise will suffice provided the indication is positive and definite. In most cases, however, such statements are made orally before death ensues and is reduced to writing by someone like a Magistrate or a doctor or a police officer. When it is recorded, no oath is necessary nor is the presence of a Magistrate absolutely necessary, although to assure authenticity it is usual to call a Magistrate, if available for recording the statement of a man about to die. There is no requirement of law that a dying declaration must necessarily be made to a Magistrate and when such statement is recorded by a Magistrate there is no specified statutory form for such recording. Consequently, what evidential value or weight has to be attached to such statement necessarily depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. What is essentially required is that the
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person who records a dying declaration must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind. Where it is proved by the testimony of the Magistrate that the declarant was fit to make the statement even without examination by the doctor the declaration can be acted upon provided the court ultimately holds the same to be voluntary and truthful. A certification by the doctor is essentially a rule of caution and therefore the voluntary and truthful nature of the declaration can be established otherwise.”
19. In Govindaraju @ Govinda v. State of Sriramapuram P.S. &
Anr. [(2012) 4 SCC 722], the court inter alia discussed the law
related to dying declaration with some elaboration: -
“23. Now, we come to the second submission raised on behalf of the appellant that the material witness has not been examined and the reliance cannot be placed upon the sole testimony of the police witness (eyewitness).
24. It is a settled proposition of law of evidence that it is not the number of witnesses that matters but it is the substance. It is also not necessary to examine a large number of witnesses if the prosecution can bring home the guilt of the accused even with a limited number of witnesses. In Lallu Manjhi v. State of Jharkhand (2003) 2 SCC 401, this Court had classified the oral testimony of the witnesses into three categories:
(a) wholly reliable;
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(b) wholly unreliable; and
(c) neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable.
In the third category of witnesses, the court has to be cautious and see if the statement of such witness is corroborated, either by the other witnesses or by other documentary or expert evidence.
25. Equally well settled is the proposition of law that where there is a sole witness to the incident, his evidence has to be accepted with caution and after testing it on the touchstone of evidence tendered by other witnesses or evidence otherwise recorded. The evidence of a sole witness should be cogent, reliable and must essentially fit into the chain of events that have been stated by the prosecution. When the prosecution relies upon the testimony of a sole eyewitness, then such evidence has to be wholly reliable and trustworthy. Presence of such witness at the occurrence should not be doubtful. If the evidence of the sole witness is in conflict with the other witnesses, it may not be safe to make such a statement as a foundation of the conviction of the accused. These are the few principles which the Court has stated consistently and with certainty.
26. Reference in this regard can be made to Joseph v. State of Kerala (2003) 1 SCC 465 and Tika Ram v. State of M.P. (2007) 15 SCC 760. Even in Jhapsa Kabari v. State of Bihar (2001) 10 SCC 94, this Court took the view that if the presence of a witness is doubtful, it becomes a case of conviction based on the testimony of a solitary witness. There is, however, no bar in basing the conviction on
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the testimony of a solitary witness so long as the said witness is reliable and trustworthy.
27. In Jhapsa Kabari (supra), this Court noted the fact that simply because one of the witnesses (a fourteen-year-old boy) did not name the wife of the deceased in the fardbeyan, it would not in any way affect the testimony of the eyewitness i.e. the wife of the deceased, who had given a graphic account of the attack on her husband and her brother-in-law by the accused persons. Where the statement of an eyewitness is found to be reliable, trustworthy and consistent with the course of events, the conviction can be based on her sole testimony. There is no bar in basing the conviction of an accused on the testimony of a solitary witness as long as the said witness is reliable and trustworthy.
28. In the present case, the sole eyewitness is stated to be a police officer i.e. PW 1. The entire case hinges upon the trustworthiness, reliability or otherwise of the testimony of this witness. The contention raised on behalf of the appellant is that the police officer, being the sole eyewitness, would be an interested witness, and in that situation, the possibility of a police officer falsely implicating innocent persons cannot be ruled out.
29. Therefore, the first question that arises for consideration is whether a police officer can be a sole witness. If so, then with particular reference to the facts of the present case, where he alone had witnessed the occurrence as per the case of the prosecution.
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30. It cannot be stated as a rule that a police officer can or cannot be a sole eyewitness in a criminal case. It will always depend upon the facts of a given case. If the testimony of such a witness is reliable, trustworthy, cogent and duly corroborated by other witnesses or admissible evidence, then the statement of such witness cannot be discarded only on the ground that he is a police officer and may have some interest in success of the case. It is only when his interest in the success of the case is motivated by overzealousness to an extent of his involving innocent people; in that event, no credibility can be attached to the statement of such witness.
31. This Court in Girja Prasad (2007) 7 SCC 625 while particularly referring to the evidence of a police officer said that it is not the law that police witnesses should not be relied upon and their evidence cannot be accepted unless it is corroborated in material particulars by other independent evidence. The presumption applies as much in favour of a police officer as any other person. There is also no rule of law which lays down that no conviction can be recorded on the testimony of a police officer even if such evidence is otherwise reliable and trustworthy. The rule of prudence may require more careful scrutiny of their evidence. If such a presumption is raised against the police officers without exception, it will be an attitude which could neither do credit to the magistracy nor good to the public, it can only bring down the prestige of the police administration.”
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20. The ‘dying declaration’ is the last statement made by a
person at a stage when he in serious apprehension of his death
and expects no chances of his survival. At such time, it is
expected that a person will speak the truth and only the truth.
Normally in such situations the courts attach the intrinsic value
of truthfulness to such statement. Once such statement has
been made voluntarily, it is reliable and is not an attempt by the
deceased to cover up the truth or falsely implicate a person, then
the courts can safely rely on such dying declaration and it can
form the basis of conviction. More so, where the version given by
the deceased as dying declaration is supported and corroborated
by other prosecution evidence, there is no reason for the courts
to doubt the truthfulness of such dying declaration.
21. Having referred to the law relating to dying declaration, now
we may examine the issue that in cases involving multiple dying
declarations made by the deceased, which of the various dying
declarations should be believed by the Court and what are the
principles governing such determination. This becomes
important where the multiple dying declarations made by the
deceased are either contradictory or are at variance with each
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other to a large extent. The test of common prudence would be to
first examine which of the dying declarations is corroborated by
other prosecution evidence. Further, the attendant
circumstances, the condition of the deceased at the relevant time,
the medical evidence, the voluntariness and genuineness of the
statement made by the deceased, physical and mental fitness of
the deceased and possibility of the deceased being tutored are
some of the factors which would guide the exercise of judicial
discretion by the Court in such matters. In the case of Lakhan
(supra), this Court provided clarity, not only to the law of dying
declaration, but also to the question as to which of the dying
declarations has to be preferably relied upon by the Court in
deciding the question of guilt of the accused under the offence
with which he is charged. The facts of that case were quite
similar, if not identical to the facts of the present case. In that
case also, the deceased was burnt by pouring kerosene oil and
was brought to the hospital by the accused therein and his family
members. The deceased had made two different dying
declarations, which were mutually at variance. The Court held as
under :
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“9. The doctrine of dying declaration is enshrined in the legal maxim nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire, which means “a man will not meet his Maker with a lie in his mouth”. The doctrine of dying declaration is enshrined in Section 32 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (hereinafter called as “the Evidence Act”) as an exception to the general rule contained in Section 60 of the Evidence Act, which provides that oral evidence in all cases must be direct i.e. it must be the evidence of a witness, who says he saw it. The dying declaration is, in fact, the statement of a person, who cannot be called as witness and, therefore, cannot be cross-examined. Such statements themselves are relevant facts in certain cases.
10. This Court has considered time and again the relevance/probative value of dying declarations recorded under different situations and also in cases where more than one dying declaration has been recorded. The law is that if the court is satisfied that the dying declaration is true and made voluntarily by the deceased, conviction can be based solely on it, without any further corroboration. It is neither a rule of law nor of prudence that a dying declaration cannot be relied upon without corroboration. When a dying declaration is suspicious, it should not be relied upon without having corroborative evidence. The court has to scrutinise the dying declaration carefully and must ensure that the declaration is not the result of tutoring, prompting or imagination. The deceased must be in a fit state of mind to make the declaration and must identify the assailants.
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Merely because a dying declaration does not contain the details of the occurrence, it cannot be rejected and in case there is merely a brief statement, it is more reliable for the reason that the shortness of the statement is itself a guarantee of its veracity. If the dying declaration suffers from some infirmity, it cannot alone form the basis of conviction. Where the prosecution version differs from the version given in the dying declaration, the said declaration cannot be acted upon. (Vide Khushal Rao v. State of Bombay1, Rasheed Beg v. State of M.P., K. Ramachandra Reddy v. Public Prosecutor, State of Maharashtra v. Krishnamurti Laxmipati Naidu, Uka Ram v. State of Rajasthan, Babulal v. State of M.P., Muthu Kutty v. State, State of Rajasthan v. Wakteng and Sharda v. State of Rajasthan.)
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23. The second dying declaration was recorded by Shri Damodar Prasad Mahure, Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (PW 19). He was directed by the Superintendent of Police on telephone to record the statement of the deceased, who had been admitted in the hospital. In that statement, she had stated as under:
“On Sunday, in the morning, at about 5.30 a.m., my husband Lakhan poured the kerosene oil from a container on my head as a result of which kerosene oil spread over my entire body and that he (Lakhan) put my sari afire with the help of a chimney, due to which I got burnt.”
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She had also deposed that she had written a letter to her parents requesting them to fetch her from the matrimonial home as her husband and in-laws were harassing her. The said dying declaration was recorded after getting a certificate from the doctor stating that she was in a fit physical and mental condition to give the statement.
24. As per the injury report and the medical evidence it remains fully proved that the deceased had the injuries on the upper part of her body. The doctor, who had examined her at the time of admission in hospital, deposed that she had burn injuries on her head, face, chest, neck, back, abdomen, left arm, hand, right arm, part of buttocks and some part of both the thighs. The deceased was 65% burnt. At the time of admission, the smell of kerosene was coming from her body.
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26. Undoubtedly, the first dying declaration had been recorded by the Executive Magistrate, Smt Madhu Nahar (DW 1), immediately after admission of the deceased Savita in the hospital and the doctor had certified that she was in a fit condition of health to make the declaration. However, as she had been brought to the hospital by her father-in-law and mother-in-law and the medical report does not support her first dying declaration, the trial court and the High Court have rightly discarded the same.
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30. Thus, in view of the above, we reach the following inescapable conclusions on the questions of fact:
(c) The second dying declaration was recorded by a police officer on the instruction of the Superintendent of Police after getting a certificate of fitness from the doctor, which is corroborated by the medical evidence and is free from any suspicious circumstances. More so, it stands corroborated by the oral declaration made by the deceased to her parents, Phool Singh (PW 1), father and Sushila (PW 3), mother.
22. In the case of Nallam Veera Stayanandam and Others v.
Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P. [(2004) 10 SCC 769], this
Court, while declining to except the findings of the Trial Court,
held that the Trial Court had erred because in the case of
multiple dying declarations, each dying declaration has to be
considered independently on its own merit so as to appreciate its
evidentiary value and one cannot be rejected because of the
contents of the other. In cases where there is more than one
dying declaration, it is the duty of the court to consider each one
of them in its correct perspective and satisfy itself which one of
them reflects the true state of affairs. Similarly, in the case Sher
Singh & Anr. v. State of Punjab [(2008) 4 SCC 265], the Court held
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that absence of doctor’s certification is not fatal if the person
recording the dying declaration is satisfied that the deceased was
in a fit state of mind and the requirement of doctor’s certificate is
essentially a rule of caution. The Court, while dealing with the
case involving two dying declarations observed that the first dying
declaration could not be relied upon as it was not free and
voluntary and second statement was more probable and natural
and mere contradiction with the first will not be fatal to the case
of the prosecution. The Court held as under :
“16. Acceptability of a dying declaration is greater because the declaration is made in extremity. When the party is at the verge of death, one rarely finds any motive to tell falsehood and it is for this reason that the requirements of oath and cross-examination are dispensed with in case of a dying declaration. Since the accused has no power of cross-examination, the court would insist that the dying declaration should be of such a nature as to inspire full confidence of the court in its truthfulness and correctness. The court should ensure that the statement was not as a result of tutoring or prompting or a product of imagination. It is for the court to ascertain from the evidence placed on record that the deceased was in a fit state of mind and had ample opportunity to observe and identify the culprit. Normally, the court places reliance on the medical evidence for reaching the conclusion whether
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the person making a dying declaration was in a fit state of mind, but where the person recording the statement states that the deceased was in a fit and conscious state, the medical opinion will not prevail, nor can it be said that since there is no certification of the doctor as to the fitness of mind of the declarant, the dying declaration is not acceptable. What is essential is that the person recording the dying declaration must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of mind. Where it is proved by the testimony of the Magistrate that the declarant was fit to make the statement without there being the doctor's opinion to that effect, it can be acted upon provided the court ultimately holds the same to be voluntary and truthful. A certificate by the doctor is essentially a rule of caution and, therefore, the voluntary and truthful nature of a statement can be established otherwise.
17. In the present case, the first dying declaration was recorded on 18-7-1994 by ASI Hakim Singh (DW 1). The victim did not name any of the accused persons and said that it was a case of an accident. However, in the statement before the court, Hakim Singh (DW 1) specifically deposed that he noted that the declarant was under pressure and at the time of recording of the dying declaration, her mother-in-law was present with her. In the subsequent dying declaration recorded by the Executive Magistrate Rajiv Prashar (PW 7) on 20-7- 1994, she stated that she was taken to the hospital by the accused only on the condition that she would make a wrong statement. This was reiterated by her in her oral dying declaration and also in the written dying
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declaration recorded by SI Arvind Puri (PW 8) on 22-7-1994. The first dying declaration exonerating the accused persons made immediately after she was admitted in the hospital was under threat and duress that she would be admitted in the hospital only if she would give a statement in favour of the accused persons in order to save her in-laws and husband. The first dying declaration does not appear to be coming from a person with free mind without there being any threat. The second dying declaration was more probable and looks natural to us. Although it does not contain the certificate of the doctor that she was in a fit state of mind to give the dying declaration but the Magistrate who recorded the statement had certified that she was in a conscious state of mind and in a position to make the statement to him. Mere fact that it was contrary to the first declaration would not make it untrue. The oral dying declaration made to the uncle is consistent with the second dying declaration implicating the accused persons stating about their involvement in the commission of crime. The third dying declaration recorded by the SI on the direction of his superior officer is consistent with the second dying declaration and the oral dying declaration made to her uncle though with some minor inconsistencies. The third dying declaration was recorded after the doctor certified that she was in a fit state of mind to give the statement.”
23. Examining the evidence in the present case in light of the
above-stated principles, we have no hesitation in holding that the
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first dying declaration was not voluntary and made by free will of
the deceased. This we say so for variety of reasons :
1) When the deceased was brought to the hospital, she was
accompanied by the accused and other relations. While her
statement Exhibit D-2 was recorded by DW1, Naib
Tehsildar, the accused and his relations were present by
the side of the deceased.
2) DW1, though mentions in his statement that the deceased
was fully conscious, chose not to obtain any fitness
certificate from the doctor on duty. In spite of it being a
rule of caution, in the peculiar facts of the present case
where the deceased had suffered 97 per cent burn injuries,
DW1 should have obtained the fitness certificate from the
doctor.
3) The statement of the deceased was totally tilted in favour of
her husband and the version put forward was that she had
caught fire from the stove while cooking. This appears to
be factually incorrect inasmuch as if she had caught fire
from the stove, the question of the mattress and other
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items catching fire, which were duly seized and recovered
by the Investigating Officer, would not have arisen.
4) Furthermore, within a short while, after her first statement,
she changed her view. Exhibit P12, the second dying
declaration, was recorded at 6.30 p.m. on the same day
after due certification by the doctor that she was conscious
and in a fit condition to make the statement. This
statement was recorded by PW9, the Tehsildar. In his
statement, PW9 has categorically stated that he was
directed by the SDM to record the dying declaration. He
had even prepared memo, Exhibit P-13, and sent the same
to the Police Station. He specifically stated that the
deceased was in a great pain and was groaning. She was
not even fully conscious. According to him, he was not
even informed of recording of the fact of the previous dying
declaration. He had carried with him the memo issued by
the SDM for recording the statement of the deceased. No
such procedure was adhered to by DW1. All these
proceedings are conspicuous by their very absence in the
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exhibited documents and the statement of the said
witnesses.
5) The third dying declaration which was recorded by PW7,
Sub-Inspector, was also recorded after due certification and
in presence of the independent witnesses Bharat Kumar
and Abdul Rehman. Furthermore, PW6 gave the complete
facts right from the place of occurrence to the recording of
dying declaration of the deceased. He categorically denied
the suggestion that the deceased had stated to him that
she caught fire from the stove. Rather, he asserted that the
deceased had specifically told him that the accused had put
her on fire.
6) The second and third dying declarations of the deceased
are quite in conformity with each other and are duly
supported by PW6, PW7, PW9 and the medical evidence
produced on record. The accused, having suffered 97 per
cent burns, could not have been fully conscious and
painless, as stated by DW1. According to DW2, the doctor,
the accused could suffer the injuries that he suffered when
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the deceased would have pushed him back when he was
attempting to burn the deceased.
7) Besides all this, the accused had admitted the deceased to
be his wife and they were living together and that she
caught fire. It was expected of him to explain to the Court
as to how she had caught the fire. Strangely, he did not
state the story of his wife catching fire from the stove in his
statement under Section 313 CrPC, though the trend of
cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses on his
behalf clearly indicates that stand.
8) We have already discussed that the theory of the deceased
catching fire from the stove is neither probable nor possible
in the facts of the present case. The kind of burn injuries
she suffered clearly shows that she was deliberately put on
fire, rather than being injured as a result of accidental fire.
9) Besides the deceased had herself stated the reason behind
her falsely making the first declaration. According to her,
her husband was likely to lose his job if she implicated
him. It is clear from the record that the relations of the
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accused were present at the time of making the first dying
declaration and the deceased had stated wrongly on the
tutoring of her husband.
10) The recoveries from the place of occurrence clearly show a
struggle or fight between the deceased and the accused
before she suffered the burn injuries.
11) In addition to the above, another significant aspect of the
present case is that the deceased had also made a dying
declaration, even prior to the three written dying
declarations, to PW1, the landlady and PW6. She had
categorically stated to these witnesses when death was
staring her in the eyes that she was burnt by her husband
by pouring kerosene oil on her. Both these witnesses
successfully stood the subtle cross-examination conducted
by the counsel appearing for the accused. We see no
reason to disbelieve these witnesses who were well known
to both, the deceased as well as the accused.
24. Thus, in our considered view, the second and third dying
declarations are authentic, voluntary and duly corroborated by
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other prosecution witnesses including the medical evidence.
These dying declarations, read in conjunction with the statement
of the prosecution witnesses, can safely be made the basis for
conviction of the accused.
25. The argument that the first dying declaration recorded by
DW1 had not been produced on record by the prosecution and,
therefore, an adverse inference should be drawn against the
prosecution in terms of Section 114 of the Evidence Act ,is
without any merit. This document has not only been produced
but has even been critically examined by the Trial Court as well
as the High Court. It is a settled principle of law of evidence that
the question of presumption in terms of Section 114 of the
Evidence Act only arises when an evidence is withheld from the
Court and is not produced by any of the parties to the lis.
26. As a result of the above discussion, we find no infirmity in
the appreciation of evidence and law in the concurrent judgments
of the courts. Hence, we dismiss this appeal.
………...….…………......................J.
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(Swatanter Kumar)
………...….…………......................J. (Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla)
New Delhi, July 24, 2012
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