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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA  CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 1799-1800/2018 (Special Leave Petition (C)  No(s).  30733-30734/2013)

RAMJI SINGH PATEL                                  APPELLANT(s)

                               VERSUS

GYAN CHANDRA JAISWAL                               RESPONDENT(s)

J U D G M E N T  

A.K.SIKRI, J.

Leave granted.  

2. By  means  of  these  appeals  the  appellant  challenged  the judgment and order dated 29.05.2013 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Second Appeal Nos. 622 of 2013 and 623 of 2013 whereby the High Court has allowed these appeals of the respondent and set aside the judgment and decree that was passed by the Trial Court in favour of the appellant and also upheld by the First Appellate Court. The chronology of the events is as under:  

3. The respondent started running the business of Flour Mill, Oil Mill  and  Expeller,  Ice  Factory  etc.  which  were  operated  on

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electricity from his residential accommodation. The appellant, who is an advocate, is the owner and resident of the adjoining house, which has a common wall with the house of the respondent.  

4. According to the appellant, from the year 2003 the respondent started  operating  the  above  said  flour  mill  with  machines,  on diesel  engine,  which  started  causing  severe  vibrations  and  air pollution. The vibrations caused by the machines cracked the wall of  the  appellant  and  the  pollution  emitted  was  detrimentally affecting the health of the appellant and his family members. The appellant  being  an  advocate  also  runs  his  chambers  from  his residence and, therefore, the severe vibration and air pollution also started adversely affecting his professional activities.  

5. Due to the aforesaid harassment and nuisance the appellant made a complaint to the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, who directed the Administrative Officer to file his report on the complaint of the appellant. The Administrative Officer, after enquiry, submitted his report on 02.12.2003.  

6. Upon  the  report  filed  by  the  Administrative  Officer,  the Sub-Divisional  Magistrate  directed  the  Station  House  Officer  to investigate the matter. The SHO directed the respondent to stop the nuisance and pollution but the respondent did not comply with the said direction. At that stage, the respondent filed Original Suit No. 2518/2003 against the appellant wherein the respondent prayed for perpetual injunction against the appellant from interfering in the running of the business of the respondent.

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7. Thereafter the appellant also filed Original Suit No. 26/2004 against the respondent wherein the appellant prayed for perpetual injunction against the running of the business of the respondent which was causing nuisance and pollution. After the trial, the suit of the appellant was decreed and the Trial Court passed a decree of permanent injunction  dated 03.12.2012 prohibiting the respondent from operating the said machines and from spreading air and noise pollution. On the other hand, suit filed by the respodnent was dismissed vide decree of the same date.   8. The respondent being aggrieved by the judgments and decree passed by the Civil Judge (Junior Division) Sakri, Allahabad filed Civil  Appeal  No.  206/2012  and  207/2012  before  the  Additional District  Judge,  Court  No.2,  Allahabad.  The  Additional  District Judge, Allahabad passed a common confirmatory judgment and decreed dated 25.02.2013 in Civil Appeal Nos. 206 and 207 of 2012 observing that:  

“i. The  house  of  the  respondent  is  adjacent  to appellant's house and there was a wall of 4” breadth between the two houses. ii. The respondent has a business of Flour Mill, Oil Mill and expeller, Ice factory etc. and he uses the said machines on diesel. iii. The respondent started his business in 1990 but at that time his machines were operated on electricity.   iv. In 2003  the respondent  started using  expeller machine  etc.  which  was  operated  on  diesel  which produced  a  lot  of  vibrations  and  air  and  noise pollution. v. Because  of  a  vibrations  caused  by  the  said

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machines the wall on the appellant's side cracked at many places. vi. The running of his business is detrimental to the health of the appellant and his family. vii. The  oral  evidences  of  the  witnesses  made  it clear that the machines used by the respondent caused vibrations and emitted air and noise pollution.  viii. It  was  admitted  by  the  respondent  that  the machines caused air and noise pollution.  

ix. The  running  of  said  business  came  under  the ambit  of  private  nuisance  and  that  such  activities should not be carried out in residential areas as it is detrimental to physical and mental health of people at large. x. The defence of volunti non fit injuria does not sustain as when the appellant started living in this house in 1990 the respondent was operating the machines on electricity and it was in 2003 that the respondent started operating the machines on diesel which caused vibrations and pollution. xi. The  appellant  is  entitled  to  perpetual injunction against the respondent.”

9. Being aggrieved by the judgment and decree in Civil Appeal No. 206/2012  and  207/2012  passed  by  the  Additional  District  Judge, Allahabad, the respondent filed Second Appeals Nos. 622/2013 and 623/2013 before the Allahabad High Court. The High Court has been pleased to allow both the Second Appeals and set aside judgments and  decree  dated  03.10.2012  passed  by  the  Civil  Judge  (Junior Division), Sakri, Allahabad and 25.02.2013 passed by the Additional District Judge, Court No. 2, Allahabad and also dismissed Original Suit No. 26/2004.  

10. A perusal of the judgment of the High Court shows that it is

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not tinkered with any of the findings recorded by the Trial Court and affirmed by the first appellate court. On the contrary, the substantial question of law which was formulated by the High Court pertains to the limitation in filing the suit which reads as under:

“Whether the suit in question was barred by time inasmcuh as prayer sought in the plaint shows that cause of action arose in 1990 though the suit was filed  in  2004  and  admittedly  the  period  of limitation is only three years.”

11. According to the High Court the evidence on record shows that the  Atta  Chakki  was  installed  initially  in  1990,  but  no inconvenience was felt by the appellant herein and, therefore, he did not make any complaint. The only explanation is that at that time  the  respondent  was  running  the  aforesaid  machine  with electricity which was not causing pollution or any inconvenience and since from the year 2003 the respondent started using diesel generator set (DG Set), the smoke and noise created by DG Set has caused serious air and other pollution.  This explanation has not been found to be convincing by the High Court.  Thus, influenced by the fact that the Atta Chakki was started in 1990 and the suit was filed 14 years thereafter, i.e. in the year 2004, it was held to be time barred.

12. After hearing the learned counsel for the parties, we do not find ourselves in agreement with the approach of the High Court. It may be noted that in the first instance no such plea was taken up by the respondent in the written submissions filed by him to the

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suit which was filed by the plaintiff/appellant and no issue on limitation came to be casted.  Obviously, in the absence of any such issue framed, the parties did not lead any evidence.  No doubt, even in the absence of any specific issue of limitation, by virtue of Section 3 of the Limitation Act, power is cast on the Court to see whether the suit is within limitation or time barred. However, such a plea could have been taken by the respondent in the Second Appeal before the High Court only if the issue of limitation was raised as a pure question of law. In the instant case, we find it to be a mixed question of law and fact and, therefore, it could not have been entertained by the High Court for the first time in the second appeal filed by the respondent.  

13. That apart, even on merits we find blemish in the approach of the High Court. There are at least two reasons for that which are as under:  

a) The explanation given by the appellant was justified. He had categorically stated that nuisance started in operating the said Atta Chakki (Floor Mill) when the respondent had installed DG Set in the year 2003 as it emitted smoke thereby creating air pollution and had also started creating noise pollution. Therefore, the cause of action for filing the suit was the installation of DG Set which was installed in the year 2003.  The suit was filed in the year 2004 and was, thus, well within time. b) Furthermore, we find that the High Court has taken a very

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myopic view of the matter. The findings of fact which were recorded by the courts below were clear to the effect that after the use of DG Set by the respondent and because of the vibration created by it and  the  machines  run  through  it,  cracks  on  the  wall  of  the appellant side developed at many places. This has happened after 2003. Another categorical finding is that running of the business is detrimental to the health of the appellant and his family.  Once there  are  categorical  findings  that  the  flour  mill  of  the respondent is causing noise as well as air pollution, it would be a continuing cause of action. Such a grave consequence of running this mill should not have been ignored by the High Court.  

14. To  sum  up,  we  find  that  the  High  Court  was  in  error  in allowing the appeals in the aforesaid manner. These appeals are accordingly allowed, the impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the decree passed by the Courts below is restored.  

15. No order as to costs.  

......................J. [A.K. SIKRI]

......................J.       [ASHOK BHUSHAN]

NEW DELHI; JANUARY 11,2018