M/S GUJARAT INDUSTRIES Vs COMMR.OF CENTRAL EXCISE-I,AHMEDABAD
Bench: A.K. SIKRI,ROHINTON FALI NARIMAN
Case number: C.A. No.-005784-005788 / 2007
Diary number: 34478 / 2007
Advocates: M. P. DEVANATH Vs
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NON-REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 5784-5788 OF 2007
M/S GUJARAT INDUSTRIES & ORS. .....APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE-I, AHMEDABAD
.....RESPONDENT(S)
W I T H
CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 9196-9202 OF 2012
J U D G M E N T
A.K. SIKRI, J.
The assessee/manufacturer in the instant appeals, has
commended this Court to decide the following questions of law
which arise for consideration in these appeals:
(a) Whether the process of cold-rolling undertaken by the
assessee on the hot-rolled stainless steel patta/pattis amount to
'manufacture' within the meaning of Section 2(f)(i) of the Central
Civil Appeal Nos. 5784-5788 of 2007 & Ors. Page 1 of 18
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Excise Act, 1944?
(b) Whether the Custom Excise & Service Tax Appellate
Tribunal (CESTAT) was correct in holding that the process of
cold-rolling of stainless steel patta/pattis amounts to manufacture
in view of Chapter No.4 of Chapter No.72 of the Central Excise
Tariff Act, 1985, when the said Chapter Note was not even
referred to or relied upon in the show cause notice?
(c) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case,
extended period of limitation under proviso to Section 11A of the
Act was invokable for demanding duty from the assessee and for
imposing penalty on the assessee?
2. The factual background under which the appeals have been
preferred by the appellants can be captured by taking note of the
following salient features:
The assessee is engaged in the process of cold-rolling of hot-
rolled stainless steel patta/patti on job work basis. As per the
assessee, for this purpose, it receives hot-rolled SS patta/patti
from other manufacturers and thereafter undertakes the process
of cold-rolling in the cold-rolling mill. The purpose of cold-rolling
is only to reduce the gauge of the SS patta/patti. After so
Civil Appeal Nos. 5784-5788 of 2007 & Ors. Page 2 of 18
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reducing the gauge by the process of cold-rolling, the SS
patta/patti are sent back to the suppliers. For this purpose, the
assessee receives job charges from the suppliers of the
materials. The assessee claims that apart from cold-rolling, no
other process was undertaken by the assessee on the SS
patta/patti. The assessee had undertaken this activity during the
period between November 1995 and March 1997. It is also the
case of the assessee that by the process of cold-rolling, only the
gauge of the SS patta/patti gets reduced and no new
commercially identifiable commodity comes into existence, and
the appellants were under the bona fide belief that the process of
cold-rolling does not amount to manufacture under the Central
Excise Act and accordingly did not take out central excise
registration and did not discharge any central excise duty liability.
3. After conducting some investigation, Commissioner of Central
Excise, Ahmedabad issued a show cause notice dated
15.05.2000 to the assessee contending that the process of cold-
rolling undertaken by the assessee amounts to manufacture
within the meaning of Section 2(f) of the Act and accordingly, the
show cause notice sought to demand duty of Rs.24,06,310/- from
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the assessee for the period from 1995-96 to 1996-97 by invoking
the extended period of limitation under proviso to Section 11A of
the Act.
4. After considering the reply of the assessee, the Commissioner of
Central Excise, Ahmedabad passed Order-in-Original confirming
the duty demand of Rs.12,20,563/- after extending the benefit of
small scale exemption and imposing penalty of Rs.12,32,563/- on
the assessee. The Commissioner held the process of cold-rolling
to be amounting to manufacture, in terms of Chapter Note 4 to
Chapter 72. The Commissioner also imposed penalties on the
suppliers of the materials.
On the appeals filed by the assessee and the suppliers of the
cold rolled SS patta/patti, the Tribunal by a 2-1 majority held that
the process of cold-rolling amounts to manufacture in view of
Chapter Note 4 to Chapter 72. The majority of the Tribunal
further held that the extended period of limitation under proviso to
Section 11A of the Act is invokable and accordingly confirmed the
duty demands and the penalties imposed by the Commissioner.
5. It is in the aforesaid backdrop the questions of law
formulated/raised by the appellants need to be decided.
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6. We first advert to the central and crucial issue, namely, whether
the gauge reduction of the hot rolled SS patta/pattis by cold-
rolling process will amount to manufacture of a new product
attracting further central excise duty. As we have already pointed
out above, the Department seeks to include the said item of the
assessee under Chapter Heading 7220.20. Chapter 72.20
including the entry in which Department claims the product falls,
is as under:
72.20 Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of less than 60mm
7220.10 - Not further worked than hot-rolled, whether or not in coils
15%
7220.20 - Not further worked than cold-rolled (cold- reduced)
15%
7220.90 - Other 15%
7. We find that in the Order-in-Original passed by the Adjudicating
Authority on the question as to whether cold-rolled pattas are
distinct marketable commodities, he relied upon the Harmonised
Commodity Description and Coding System (HSN) published by
World Custom Organisation to facilitate uniform classification of
goods traded in the world classifies cold rolled strips and the hot
rolled strips under two separate headings. As per him, this itself
shows that all over the world these products are considered as
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separate identifiable products. As per general explanatory notes
given in part (IV)(B) to Chapter 72 of HSN on which Central
Excise Tariff Act, 1985 is based, cold rolled products can be
distinguished from hot rolled products by the following criteria:-
(a) The surface of cold rolled products has a better appearance than of
products of hot rolled and never has a layer of scale.
(b) The dimensional tolerances are smaller for cold rolled products.
(c) Thin-Flat products are usually produced by cooled rolling.
(d) Microscopic examination of cold-worked products reveals a marked
deformation of the grains and grain orientation parallel to the
direction of working. By contrast, products obtained by hot
process show almost regular grains owing to recrystallisation;
(e) He also opined that cold rolling in the true sense, changes the
crystalline structure of the work piece by considerably reducing its
cross section.
Thus what emerges after cold rolling of hot rolled strips is
altogether a different product which has different physical
properties. And, in the explanatory Note to Chapter Heading
72.09 of HSN, it is further elaborated that because of their special
properties (better surface finished, better aptitude to cold –
forming, stricter tolerances, generally reduced thickness, higher
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mechanical strength, etc.), the products of this heading are in
general use for purposes different from those of their hot rolled
counterparts, which they increasingly tend to replace. They are
used, in particular, in the manufacture of automobile bodies,
metal furniture, domestic appliance, and central heating radiators
and for producing angles, shapes and sections by cold process
(either forming or profiling). They are easy to coat (by tinplating,
electroplating, varnishing, enamelling, lacquering, painting,
coating with plastics, etc.). They are often delivered after
annealing, normalizing or other heat treatment.
8. From the above, he concluded that the explanatory notes to HSN
also lends support to the fact that hot rolled products and cold-
rolled products are two distinct products having their own identity,
name, character and use. Cold-rolled strips are used for making
cycle/auto-parts etc., whereas hot rolled strips cannot be used for
this purpose. The order, thus, proceeded to hold that cold-rolled
strips are entirely different than hot-rolled strips which forms the
principle raw material for the manufacture of CR strips. A
categorical finding was given by the Adjudicating Authority that
goods are of different use and have a distinct identity of their own
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in the market which was sufficient to hold that the new commodity
has come into existence as for a product to be marketable it is not
necessary that the products should be actually marketed but they
should be capable of marketing since cold reducing is being
independently by multiple number of units either on job work
basis or for use in their other factories it is certainly capable of
being marketed.
9. When the matter was taken in appeal before the Tribunal by the
assessee, Judicial Member took the view favourable to the
assessee whereas Technical Member affirmed the view of the
Commissioner. The Technical Member in his brief order pointed
out that the Commissioner had given detailed findings that the
process of cold-rolling imparts quality of hardening to the
products in question and this process entails changes in the
characteristics. The Judicial Member also passed a brief order
holding that the case was covered by the judgment of this Court
in Steel Strips Ltd. wherein it was held that cold-rolling of steel
strips reduced out of the duty paid hot-rolled steel strips do not
undergo a process of manufacture. The Judicial Member also
observed that there was nothing on record to show that the mere
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passing of hot-rolled SS patta/pattis between the two rollers, so
as to reduce the thickness of the same, amounts to process of
hardening or tempering being undertaken.
10. With this difference of opinion, when the matter came up before
the Third Member, he undertook a very detailed discussion and
ultimately concurred with the opinion of the Technical Member.
Not only he relied upon the HSN explanatory notes which
corresponds to the Chapter sub-heading of the Schedule to the
Tariff Act but also took note of the entire process and discuss the
same with reference to the technical literature.
11. After going through the said order, we are inclined to concur with
the reasons and rationale given by the Third Member holding the
entire process to be 'manufacture' within the meaning of Section
2(f) of the Act. Since, we are agreeing with the said reasoning, it
would be apt to reproduce the relevant portion thereof:
“5. In this context, the Harmonized System of Nomenclature known as HSN Explanatory Notes was referred to by both the sides. These notes correspond to the Chapter sub-headings of the Schedule to the Tariff Act. The HSN throw considerable light on the process of production in iron and steel industries. To begin with, in the present context, semi-finished products and in certain cases ingots are converted into finished products which are generally sub-divided into
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flat products (“wide flats” including universal plates, wide coil, sheets, plates and strip) and long products (bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly would coils, other bars and rods, angles, shapes, sections and wire). These products are obtained by plastic deformation, either hot, directly from ingots or semi-finished products (by hot-rolling, forging or hot-drawing); or cold, indirectly from hot finished products (by cold rolling, extrusion, wire, drawing, bright- drawing), followed in some cases by finishing operations (e.g., cold-finished bars obtained by centreless grinding or by precision turning). In the category of hot plastic deformation, “hot- rolling” means rolling at a temperature between the point of rapid recrystallization and that of the beginning of fusion. The temperature range depends on various factors such as the composition of the steel. As a rule, the final temperature of the work-piece in hot-rolling is about 900ºC. In the category of cold plastic deformation, “cold-rolling” is carried out at ambient temperature, i.e., below the recrystallization temperature. Thus, the most significant operational distinction between the hot-rolling and cold-rolling is that, hot-rolling is a rolling done at a temperature between the point of rapid recrystallization and that of the beginning of fusion, while cold rolling is carried out at ambient or room temperatures which is below the recrystallization temperature.
5.1 The cold-rolled strips have the following properties which may be shared by certain hot- rolled products:-
(a) because of the strain or work hardening they have undergone, cold-worked products are very hard and possess great tensile strength, though these properties may diminish appreciably with heat treatment;
(b) elongation of fracture is very low in cold worked products; it is higher in products that
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have undergone suitable heat treatment.
Cold-rolling in the true sense also includes cold reduction changing the crystalline structure of the work-piece by considerably reducing its cross-section. The HSN Notes, therefore, clearly indicate that in the cold-rolling processes because of the strain or work hardening, the cold-worked product becomes very hard. Therefore, when hot-rolled strips, which are flat- rolled products, are subjected to cold rolling, such cold-worked product would be very hard and would possess great tensile strength. The process of cold-rolling on such flat products would harden them and, therefore, it is a process of hardening. The fact that hardening can be achieved by heat treatment of steel cannot lead to a conclusion that no hardening can take place by cold-rolling. Hardening or tempering of a matter by heat treatment does not negate the existence of process of hardening or tempering by cold-rolling. The reference to the literature on hardening or tempering from a 'Dictionary of Metal Heat Treatment', 'Hand book of Heat Treatment Steels', 'Heat Treatment Principles and Techniques', would give a lop sided picture of the concept of hardening or tempering. If by heat treatment hardening or tempering of metal can be achieved, equally so by a cold-reducing or cold-rolling or cold-working, hardening of the flat rolled product/strips can be achieved. Heat treatment for hardening or tempering may be suited for particular products while cold-rolling or cold-working may be suited for hardening or tempering other kinds of products. Therefore, by merely referring to hardening or tempering by process of heat treatment, one cannot shut out the entire cold-rolling or cold-working processes which bring about hardening or tempering. In the midst of technical literature produced on behalf of the appellant, there are certain excerpts from 'Material Science and Metallurgy', Chapter 57 of which deals with mechanical
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working processes. Mechanical working of metals may either by (i) Hot working, or (ii) Cold working. Plastic deformation of a metal above the recrystallization temperature, but below the melting or burning point is called hot working whereas plastic deformation of a metal below its recrystallization temperature is known as cold working. In that chapter, there is an analysis done on principles of hot and cold working of metals and their effects on mechanical properties. The purposes of hot working and its advantages as well as purposes and advantages of cold working are narrated. While stating the principles of hot and cold working, the very first distinction drawn is that in hot working, metal working is performed on a metal held at such a temperature that the metal does not work-harden, while in cold working it is stated that it is a plastic deformation of a metal which results in strain hardening. It usually involves working at ordinary (room) temperature, but for high melting point metals cold-working may be carried out at a red heat. Hot working processes are: forging, rolling, pipe welding, extrusion, spinning and hot piercing and rolling (tubes) etc., while cold rolling processes commonly employed are : rolling, extrusion, pressing and deep drawing, stamping, squeezing, bending, shearing etc.
5.2 Cold rolling is a process by which the sheet metal or strip is introduced between rollers and then compressed and squeezed. The amount of strain introduced determines the hardness and other material properties of the finished product. Cold rolled sheet can be produced in various conditions such as skin- rolled, quarter hard, full hard depending on how much cold work has been performed. This cold working (hardness) is often called temper, although this has nothing to do with heat treatment temper. Cold-rolled metal is given a “temper” rating based on the degree it was compressed. Temper is the state or a condition
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of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench or cold working or a combination of same in order to bring the metal to its specified consistency. As per Steel dictionary, cold rolling means rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (work- hardening). It is the same as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as tempers.
5.3 It is not disputed that cold-rolled sheet products are used in a wide variety of end applications such as appliances-refrigerators, washers, dryers, and other small appliances, automobiles-exposed as well as unexposed parts, electric motors, and bathtubs. Cold-rolled sheet products are used in these and many other areas of manufacturing. To meet the various end use requirements, cold-rolled sheet products are metallurgically designed to provide specific attributes such as high formability, deep drawabiliity, high strength, high dent resistance, good magnetic properties, enamelability and paintability. The primary feature of cold reduction is to reduce the thickness of hot-rolled coils into thinner thicknesses that are not generally attainable in the hot rolled state. Cold reduction operation induces very high strains (work hardening) into the sheet. Thus, the sheet not only becomes thinner, but also becomes much harder, less ductile, and very difficult to form. However, after the cold-reduced product is annealed (heated to high temperature), it becomes very soft and formable. Tempering is a form of cold rolling that gives the steel a precise amount of hardness on the outer surface of the steel. Cold rolling is undertaken to reduce the thickness, improve the surface finish,
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improve the thickness tolerances, to offer a range of tempers and as a preparation for surface coating. Thus, cold-rolling process is also a process of hardening or tempering which is applied to flat rolled products, namely hot rolled strips so as to attract Chapter Note 4 of Chapter 72 of the Schedule to the Tariff Act. In the present case, there is no dispute over the fact that the appellant-assessee was undertaking cold-rolling process on its cold- rolling mills on the hot-rolled strips which were sent to it for the job work of reducing the gauge. The process of reducing the gauge by cold- rolling was also a process of hardening or tempering because cold-rolled products become hard and possess a very high tensile strength by the process of cold-rolling. The fact that a degree of hardness can be achieved will not dilute the applicability of the Chapter Note 4 because every degree of hardening or type of tempering resulting from cold-rolling of flat-rolled products would amount to manufacturing within the meaning of Chapter Note 4 of Chapter 72. The fact that annealing and pickling was done earlier by the party sending the goods for job work, will not make any difference because hardening or tempering of such flat-rolled products comes about only after cold-rolling. Having regard to the variety of flat-rolled products, which are cold-rolled, it cannot be said that the goods are not marketable. Admittedly, none of the parties sending the goods for job work to the appellant-assessee adopted the procedure of sending the goods for job work, as contemplated by Rule 57F of the Central Excise Rules, 1944 and, therefore, there can arise no question of the goods having been sent for job work under Rule 57F. It was not the case of any of these appellants that the goods were sent in accordance with the provisions of Rule 57F of the said Rules.
12. The other question raised in the appeals pertains to the extended
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period of limitation. The case set up by the assessee is that, in
any case, there was no willful mis-declaration, mis-statement or
suppression on the part of the assessee and, on the other hand,
the facts gave rise to a bona fide belief that the process did not
amount to manufacture and, therefore, show case notice dated
15.05.2000 was beyond the normal period of limitation and, thus,
time barred. As pointed out above, the assessee had not been
paying any excise duty on the aforesaid process as according to
it, this process did not amount to manufacture and no excise duty
was paid. It is only on the basis of intelligence report that
assessee was evading central excise duty that the matter came
to the notice of the Revenue which led to the exercise of issuing
of notice. It so happened that on the basis of intelligence, the
Officers of Central Excise Department visited and searched the
said factory premises on 25.03.1999 in the presence of two
independent panchas and Shri Rajnibhai Veljibhai Katharia,
partner of assessee and seized certain records for which
panchnama dated 25.03.1999 was prepared. Officers in the
panchnama observed that the two housing of cold-rolling mills
fitted with debapti and gearbox were found installed and other
parts were not found in the said rolling mills. During the course of
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panchnama itself, it was stated by Shri Rajnibhai in presence of
panchas:
(a) That the said factory was engaged in the reduction of gauge
(15 gauge to 20 gauge) of hot-rolled SS patta, received from various
parties on two cold-rolling installed in the factory from November, 1995
to March, 1997;
(b) That hot-rolled SS pattas after annealing and picking
process were received from various units in his factory and after
reducing the gauge from (15 to 20 gauge) in his factory, the same
was sent back to senders on job charges of Rs.1.50 per KG for
the said process;
(c) That they closed the said two rolling mills in April, 1977
and sold out the parts other than housing, debapti and gearbox.
Statements of the responsible persons for the said unit were
recorded and after conducting some investigation, the
Commissioner of Central Excise, issued the show cause notice
dated 15.05.2000 to the assessee contending that the process of
cold-rolling undertaken by the assessee amounts to the
manufacture within the meaning of Section 2(f) of the Act.
13. Once, we keep the aforesaid facts in mind, it is difficult to accept
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that the assessee was under bona fide belief that excise duty was
not payable and that it was not permissible for the Department to
avail the larger period of limitation by invoking proviso to Section
11A of the Act. All the Authorities below have rejected this
argument of the assessee. The Tribunal while upholding the view
of the Commissioner agreed with the reasons given by the
Commissioner in the following manner:
“The Commissioner has also for valid reasons held that the extended period of limitation was applicable and that the Department's record did not show the receipt of any letter allegedly written on 28.09.1996. The assessee, dealing with several similar manufacturing units who paid excise duty on identical processes, and doing job work on their behalf would have obviously known that excise registration was required for the cold rolling mills in its factory for the purpose of manufacturing cold-rolled pattas/pattis. The partner of the assessee was fully aware that such activity was dutiable, in view of the fact that four out of six units from which the goods were received by M/s. Gujarat Industries were paying duty on similar manufacturing activity. Thus, the Commissioner is right in issuing the show cause notice by invoking the extended period of limitation and also holding that the assessee had connived and deliberately acted in a manner to defraud the Revenue. The Division Bench of this Tribunal in Indian Strips v. CCE, Ahmedabad 2004 (173) ELT 265 took note of the Chapter Note 4 of Chapter 72 for holding that cold rolling process on flat rolled product would amount to manufacture. This decision was rendered after considering the decision of Hon. Supreme Court in Steel Strips Ltd. 1995 (77) ELT 248 (SC), which was rendered prior to the enactment of the
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said Chapter Note 4 which had the effect of including the process of hardening or tempering in relation to flat-rolled products in the definition of 'manufacture'. The subsequent decision in Lalit Engineering Works v. CCE, Ahmedabad could not have taken a view contrary to the earlier binding decision in Indian Strips v. CCE, Aurangabad (supra) is required to be followed in a subsequent decision of the Division Bench. The assessee M/s. Gujarat Industries removed the goods without any cover of excise invoices and the other assessees received the cold- worked goods without cover of such excise invoices.”
14. We, thus, reject the plea of the assessee that the impugned
notice was time barred.
15. We do not find any merit in these appeals, which are accordingly
dismissed.
.............................................J. (A.K. SIKRI)
.............................................J. (ROHINTON FALI NARIMAN)
NEW DELHI; DECEMBER 14, 2015.
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