CHINNAM KAMESWARA RAO Vs STATE OF A.P.
Bench: T.S. THAKUR,GYAN SUDHA MISRA
Case number: Crl.A. No.-001116-001116 / 2011
Diary number: 11998 / 2011
Advocates: Vs
D. MAHESH BABU
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION/
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1116 OF 2011
Chinnam Kameswara Rao & Ors. …Appellants
Versus
State of A.P. Rep. by Home Secretary …Respondent
J U D G M E N T
T.S. THAKUR, J.
1. This appeal under Section 2(a) of the Supreme Court
(Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970 assails a
judgment and order dated 8th February, 2011 passed by the High
Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad, whereby the High Court has
partly allowed the acquittal appeal filed by the State and while
reversing the judgment and order passed by the trial Court convicted
the appellants for offences punishable under Section 302 read with
Section 34 of the IPC and sentenced them to undergo imprisonment
for life besides levying a fine of Rs.1,000/- each. In default of
payment of fine the appellants have been sentenced to undergo
simple imprisonment for a period of one month each. The appellants
have been further convicted for an offence punishable under Section
324 read with Section 34 of the IPC and sentenced to undergo simple
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imprisonment for three months each with the direction that the
sentences shall run concurrently.
2. Briefly stated the prosecution case is that on 27th April, 2003,
at around 7.00 p.m., the appellants along with one Papisetti Praveen
who was arrayed as accused no.4 stopped the deceased-Bezawada
Srinivasa Rao and PW.1-Alapati Seshadri while the latter were on
their way home at Bethavolu Park Centre - the place of occurrence.
An altercation between the accused persons on the one hand and the
deceased and PW-1 on the other had according to the prosecution
taken place on the previous day i.e. on 26th April, 2003, while the
deceased and PW.1 were bringing some palmyrah nuts from the
fields. PW-3-Sonti Koteswara Rao, a shopkeeper who runs a pan shop
in the vicinity, claimed to be a witness to that incident and had
intervened and pacified the parties which passed off without any
physical harm to either side except that according to the prosecution
appellant no.1-Chinnam Kameswara Rao had threatened the
deceased with dire consequences. With the above incident in the
background on 27th April, 2003, the accused persons allegedly
confronted the deceased and PW-1-Alapati Seshadri, armed with
stout casuarina sticks except accused no.4 who was unarmed. An
altercation followed between the two sides as a sequel to the incident
of the previous day in the course whereof appellant no.1-Chinnam
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Kameswara Rao is alleged to have struck a blow on the head of the
deceased. When PW-1-Alapati Seshadri intervened, the remaining
two appellants came down upon him and gave stick blows on his head
also. The injured, as also Alapati Seshadri-PW-1 fell to the ground,
whereupon A-4 is alleged to have kicked and given fist blows to the
deceased while A-1 to A-3 continued to indiscriminately hit both of
them with their sticks which caused bleeding injuries to both the
injured. Taking both of them as dead, the appellants are alleged to
have run away from the spot towards the house of appellant no.1.
Sonti Srinivasa Rao S/o Nageswara Rao (PW-2), Sonti Koteswara Rao
(PW-3), Sonti Srinivasa Rao, S/o Veeraiah (PW-4) and M.V. Gopala
Krishna Murthy (PW-6) are alleged to have witnessed the incident.
PW-2-Sonti Srinivasa Rao with the help of one P. Vasudeva Rao
shifted both the injured to the Government Hospital, Gudivada for
treatment who informed the Gudivada Town I Police Station about
the arrival of the injured in the hospital whereupon PW-9-B. Jaya
Raju, ASI, reached the hospital and recorded the statement of the
deceased, marked Exhibit P-6. A case under Section 324 read with
34 IPC was on the basis of that statement registered and the injured
shifted to the University General Hospital, Vijaywada for further
treatment. Around 2.50 a.m. on 28th April, 2003, the deceased
succumbed to his injuries in the hospital at Vijayawada whereupon
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the Investigating Officer altered the offence from Section 324 read
with Section 34 IPC to Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC.
3. After completion of investigation that included the arrest of
the accused persons, post mortem of the dead body of the deceased,
seizure of the weapons of offence, the police filed a charge sheet
against the appellants for offences punishable under Sections 302
and 307 IPC while A-4 was charged under Sections 302 and 307 read
with Section 34 IPC.
4. At the trial the prosecution examined as many as 13 witnesses
including PWs.2, 3, 4 and 6, said to be eye witnesses to the incident.
The accused did not lead any evidence in their defence. The trial
Court all the same came to the conclusion that the prosecution had
not been able to establish the charge framed against the accused
persons and accordingly acquitted them.
5. Aggrieved by the judgment and order of the acquittal recorded
by the trial Court the State filed Criminal Appeal No.1055 of 2007
before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad which appeal
was allowed in part reversing the acquittal of the appellants and
convicting them for offences punishable under Section 302 read with
Section 34 IPC and Section 324 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The
acquittal of accused No.4 was, however, affirmed by the High Court.
The appellants were consequently sentenced to undergo
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imprisonment for life apart from imprisonment for a period of three
months under Section 324 IPC as already noticed above. The
sentences were directed to run concurrently. The present appeal
assails the correctness of the above judgment and order.
6. Appearing for the appellants Mr. M.S. Ganesh, learned senior
counsel, made a three-fold submission. Firstly, he contended that the
High Court was in error in embarking upon a fresh appraisal of the
evidence adduced by the prosecution at the trial and interfering with
the order of acquittal passed by the trial Court just because in the
opinion of the High Court a second view was equally reasonable in the
facts and circumstances of the case. He urged that acquittal of the
accused persons reinforced their innocence and except in compelling
circumstances where the acquittal is seen to have resulted in
miscarriage of justice or where appreciation of evidence is perverse or
manifestly unsatisfactory, the High Court should not have converted
the acquittal into a conviction.
7. Secondly, he contended that the High Court could not have
convicted the appellants for offences punishable under Sections 302
and 307 both read with Section 34 IPC when the charges framed
against the appellants were only for offences punishable under
Sections 302 and 307 of the IPC. It was also contended that accused
No.4, since acquitted by the Courts below, alone was charged with
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Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC. The High Court was not,
therefore, justified in convicting the appellants for the offence of
murder or attempt to murder with the help of Section 34 of the Code.
The absence of a charge under Section 34 had, according to the
learned counsel, resulted in prejudice and miscarriage of justice to
the appellants.
8. Thirdly, it was contended that on a true and proper
appreciation of the evidence adduced at the trial there was no real
basis for the High Court to hold that the appellants had the common
intention to commit the murder of the deceased. In the absence of
any evidence to support the allegation that the appellants had a
common intention to kill the deceased, their conviction for the offence
of murder punishable under Section 302 IPC was not justified. At any
rate, the evidence did not support the charge of murder which could
be appropriately converted to culpable homicide not amounting to
murder punishable under Section 304 Part I or II of the IPC.
9. We propose to deal with the submissions ad seriatim.
10. The powers of Appellate Court are stipulated in Section 386 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. A bare reading of the said
provision leaves no manner of doubt that in an appeal against an
order of acquittal the Appellate Court may reverse such order and
direct that further inquiry be made or that the accused be re-tried, as
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the case may be or impose a sentence upon him according to law.
Similarly in the case of appeal from a conviction the Appellate Court
has the power to reverse the findings recorded by the trial Court and
discharge the accused or pass an order for his re-trial etc.
11. The plenitude of the power available to the Appellate Court
notwithstanding recent pronouncements of this Court has evolved a
rule of prudence according to which the Appellate Court must bear in
mind that in the case of acquittal the innocence of the accused is
doubly assured by his acquittal. Consequently, if two reasonable
conclusions are possible on the basis of the evidence on record the
Appellate Court should not disturb the findings of the acquittal
recorded in favour of the accused. A long line of decisions rendered
by this Court have recognised that while deciding acquittal appeal the
power of the Appellate Court is in no way circumscribed by any
limitation and that power is exercisable by the Appellate Court to
comprehensively review the entire evidence. The decisions of this
Court in Dhanna etc. v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1996) 10
SCC 79 and Kallu @ Masih & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh
(2006) 10 SCC 313 aptly summarise the legal position. A recent
decision of this Court in Murugesan & Ors. v. State 2012 (10)
SCALE 378 is a timely reminder of the principles that were succinctly
enunciated in an earlier decision of this Court in Chandrappa & Ors.
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v. State of Karnataka (2007) 4 SCC 415, in the following words:
“42. From the above decisions, in our considered view, the following general principles regarding powers of the appellate court while dealing with an appeal against an order of acquittal emerge:
(1) An appellate court has full power to review, re-appreciate and reconsider the evidence upon which the order of acquittal is founded.
(2) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 puts no limitation, restriction or condition on exercise of such power and an appellate court on the evidence before it may reach its own conclusion, both on questions of fact and of law.
(3) Various expressions, such as, "substantial and compelling reasons", "good and sufficient grounds", "very strong circumstances", "distorted conclusions", "glaring mistakes", etc. are not intended to curtail extensive powers of an appellate court in an appeal against acquittal. Such phraseologies are more in the nature of "flourishes of language" to emphasise the reluctance of an appellate court to interfere with acquittal than to curtail the power of the court to review the evidence and to come to its own conclusion.
(4) An appellate court, however, must bear in mind that in case of acquittal, there is double presumption in favour of the accused. Firstly, the presumption of innocence is available to him under the fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence that every person shall be presumed to be innocent unless he is proved guilty by a competent court of law. Secondly, the accused having secured his acquittal, the presumption of his innocence is further reinforced, reaffirmed and strengthened by the trial court.
(5) If two reasonable conclusions are possible on the basis of the evidence on record, the appellate court should not disturb the finding of acquittal recorded by the trial court.”
(emphasis supplied)
12. What, therefore, needs to be examined in the light of the
settled legal position is whether the view taken by the trial Court
acquitting the accused was a reasonably possible view. If the answer
is in the negative nothing prevents the Appellate Court from
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reversing the view taken by the trial Court and holding the accused
guilty. On the contrary, if the view is not a reasonably possible view
the Appellate Court is duty bound to interfere and prevent
miscarriage of justice by suitably passing the order by punishing the
offender. We have in that view no hesitation in rejecting the
contention that just because the trial Court had recorded an acquittal
in favour of the appellants the Appellate Court had any limitation on
its power to reverse such an acquittal. Whether or not the view was
reasonably possible will be seen by us a little later when we take up
the merits of the contention urged by the appellant regarding
involvement of the accused persons in the commission of the crime.
13. That brings us to the question whether absence of a charge
under Section 34 of the IPC would by itself operate as an impediment
in the Appellate Court recording a conviction with the help of that
provision. The decision of this Court provide a complete answer to
that contention to which we may immediately refer. In Krishna
Govind Patil v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1963 SC 1413 the trial
Court had acquitted all the accused persons while the High Court
convicted them under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC. This
Court held that the High Court could convict the accused under
Section 34 even if the named accused were acquitted provided the
High Court held that there were other unnamed accused persons who
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were involved in the commission of the offence. The following
passage from the said decision is, in this regard, apposite:
“It is well settled that common intention within the meaning of the section implied a pre-arranged plan and the criminal act was done pursuant to the pre-arranged plan. The said plan may also develop on the spot during the course of the commission of the offence; but the crucial circumstance is that the said plan must precede the act constituting the offence. If that be so, before a court can convict a person under s. 302, read with s. 34, of the Indian Penal Code, it should come to a definite conclusion that the said person had a prior concert with one or more other persons, named or unnamed, for committing the said offence. A few illustrations will bring out the impact of s. 34 on different situations.
(1) A, B, C and D are charged under s. 302, read with s. 34, of the Indian Penal Code, for committing the murder of E. The evidence is directed to establish that the said four persons have taken part in the murder.
(2) A, B, C and D and unnamed others are charged under the said sections. But evidence is adduced to prove that the said persons, along with others, named or unnamed, participated jointly in the commission of that offence.
(3) A, B, C and D are charged under the said sections. But the evidence is directed to prove that A, B, C and D, along with 3 others, have jointly committed the offence. xxx xxx xxx But what is the position if the Court acquits 3 of the 4 accused either because it rejects the prosecution evidence or because it gives the benefit of doubt to the said accused? Can it hold, in the absence of a charge as well as evidence, that though the three accused are acquitted, some other unidentified persons acted conjointly along with one of the named persons? If the Court could do so, it would be making out a new case for the prosecution: it would be deciding contrary to the evidence adduced in the case. A Court cannot obviously make out a case for the prosecution which is not disclosed either in the charge or in regard to which there is no basis in the evidence. There must be some foundation in the evidence that persons other than those named have taken part in the commission of the offence and if there is such a basis the case will be covered by the third illustration.”
(underlined for emphasis)
14. The legal position was reviewed by a two-Judge Bench of this
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Court in Darbara Singh v. State of Punjab 2012 (8) SCALE 649.
In that case also charges were framed against two of the accused
persons under Section 302 IPC whereas against the third accused the
charge framed was under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC. The
trial Court had acquitted the third accused but convicted the first two
accused much in the same manner as is the position in the present
case. The contention before this Court was that in the absence of a
charge under Section 34 no conviction could be recorded against the
appellants under Section 302 especially when the injury inflicted by
one of the accused persons was not held to be sufficient in the
ordinary course of nature to cause death. Repelling the contention
this Court observed:
“12. It has further been submitted on behalf of the Appellant that, as the appellant was never charged under Section 302 r/w Section 34 Indian Penal Code, unless it is established that the injury caused by the Appellant on the head of the deceased, was sufficient to cause death, the Appellant ought not to have been convicted under Section 302 Indian Penal Code simplicitor. The submission so advanced is not worth consideration for the simple reason that the Learned Counsel for the Appellant has been unable to show what prejudice, if any, has been caused to the Appellant, even if such charge has not been framed against him. He was always fully aware of all the facts and he had, in fact, gone alongwith Kashmir Singh and Hira Singh with an intention to kill the deceased. Both of them have undoubtedly inflicted injuries on the deceased Mukhtiar Singh. The Appellant has further been found guilty of causing grievous injury on the head of the deceased being a vital part of the body. Therefore, in the light of the facts and circumstances of the said case, the submission so advanced does not merit acceptance. xxx xxx xxx
14. The defect in framing of the charges must be so serious
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that it cannot be covered under Sections 464/465 Code of Criminal Procedure., which provide that, an order of sentence or conviction shall not be deemed to be invalid only on the ground that no charge was framed, or that there was some irregularity or omission or misjoinder of charges, unless the court comes to the conclusion that there was also, as a consequence, a failure of justice. In determining whether any error, omission or irregularity in framing the relevant charges, has led to a failure of justice, the court must have regard to whether an objection could have been raised at an earlier stage, during the proceedings or not. While judging the question of prejudice or guilt, the court must bear in mind that every accused has a right to a fair trial, where he is aware of what he is being tried for and where the facts sought to be established against him, are explained to him fairly and clearly, and further, where he is given a full and fair chance to defend himself against the said charge(s).
15. The 'failure of justice' is an extremely pliable or facile expression, which can be made to fit into any situation in any case. The court must endeavour to find the truth. There would be 'failure of justice'; not only by unjust conviction, but also by acquittal of the guilty, as a result of unjust failure to produce requisite evidence. of course, the rights of the accused have to be kept in mind and also safeguarded, but they should not be over emphasized to the extent of forgetting that the victims also have rights. It has to be shown that the accused has suffered some disability or detriment in respect of the protections available to him under Indian Criminal Jurisprudence. 'Prejudice', is incapable of being interpreted in its generic sense and applied to criminal jurisprudence. The plea of prejudice has to be in relation to investigation or trial, and not with respect to matters falling outside their scope. Once the accused is able to show that there has been serious prejudice caused to him, with respect to either of these aspects, and that the same has defeated the rights available to him under jurisprudence, then the accused can seek benefit under the orders of the Court.”
15. In Gurpreet Singh v. State of Punjab (2005) 12 SCC
615, this Court held that no prejudice could be claimed by the
accused merely because charge was framed under Section 302 IPC
simpliciter and not with the help of Section 34 IPC. The Court found
that the eye witnesses had been cross-examined at length from all
possible angles and from suggestions that were put to them to the
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eye witnesses, the Court was fully satisfied that there was no manner
of prejudice caused. What, therefore, needs to be examined is
whether any prejudice was caused to the accused persons on account
of absence of charge under Section 34 of the IPC. Mere omission of
Section 34 from the charge sheet does not ipso facto or ipso jure lead
to any inference or presumption of prejudice having been caused to
the accused in cases where the conviction is recorded with the help of
that provision. It is only if the accused persons plead and
satisfactorily demonstrate that prejudice had indeed resulted from
the omission of a charge under Section 34 of the IPC that any such
omission may assume importance. We do not see any such prejudice
having been caused in the present case. In fairness to Mr. Ganesh
we must mention that although he had strenuously argued the legal
proposition dealt with by us above when it came to demonstrating a
prejudice on account of absence of charge under Section 34 he was
unable to do so. The absence of charge under Section 34 of the IPC
did not, therefore, affect the legality of the conviction recorded by the
High Court.
16. That brings us to third and the only other submission urged by
Mr. Ganesh to the effect that there was no evidence to show common
intention on the part of the appellants to commit the murder of the
deceased. We regret our inability to accept that submission. The
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evidence on record sufficiently proves that the appellants had
confronted the deceased and PW-1 Alapati Seshadri on the previous
date which was defused with the interference of PW-3 Sonti
Koteswara Rao, a shopkeeper in the vicinity who was, however,
witness to the threat extended by the appellants to the deceased of
dire consequences. There is evidence to show that on the date of
occurrence the appellants were lying in wait near the Reading Room
for the deceased. No sooner they saw him approaching the place
where they were waiting that they went behind the Reading Room to
fetch the stout sticks that they appear to have hidden from public
view only to mount a surprise attack on the deceased. This implies
that the appellants had made preparations for the commission of the
offence and the incident was premeditated as a sequel to the
confrontation that the two parties had on the previous date. The last
and by no means the least important circumstance is the nature of
the injuries inflicted upon the deceased on the vital part of the body
resulting in fracture of the skull, sufficient in the ordinary course to
cause death. The evidence on record suggests that all the three
accused persons belaboured the deceased and continued their assault
and aggression even when the deceased had fallen to the ground on
account of the head injuries sustained by him. The appellants fled
from the place of occurrence only when they felt that the deceased
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was dead. All these circumstances leave no manner of doubt that the
appellants shared the common intention to kill the deceased and that
they had acted under a premeditated plan. It is well settled that the
common intention may develop during the course of the commission
of the offence but the fact that the incident in instant case had a
history behind it and that the appellants had not only threatened the
deceased previously but were lying in wait for his arrival at the place
of occurrence clearly showed that the commission of the offence was
preconcerted.
17. The High Court, therefore, committed no error in holding the
appellants guilty especially when the statement of PW-1 Alapati
Seshadri who was also injured in the incident was found to be
credible. The depositions of PW-1 Alapati Seshadri, PW-2 Sonti
Srinivasa Rao S/o Nageswara Rao, PW-3 Sonti Koteswara Rao, PW-4
Sonti Srinivasa Rao S/o Veeraiah, PW-6 M.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy
all supported the prosecution version that the deceased was
assaulted by the appellants resulting in grievous injuries to him that
culminated in his death. The trial Court had obviously fallen in error in
rejecting the testimony of these witnesses on minor contradictions
which was not sufficient to shatter their credibility. The acquittal
recorded by the trial Court was not thus a reasonably possible view in
the matter which the High Court was entitled to reverse while hearing
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the appeal.
18. In the result this appeal fails and is hereby dismissed.
……………………………………….……….…..…J. (T.S. Thakur)
…………………………..…………………..…..…J. (Gyan Sudha Misra)
New Delhi January 10, 2013