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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

   CRIMIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

   CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 298 OF 2006

ANJAN DASGUPTA .......APPELLANT

    VERSUS

THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ORS. ......RESPONDENT

JUDGMENT

ASHOK BHUSHAN, J.

1. This appeal has been filed against the judgment

dated 16.02.2006 of Calcutta   High Court, by which

judgment, the High Court reversed the order of

acquittal granted by  Additional Sessions Judge.  The

High Court convicted  the appellants Anjan Dasgupta

and one  Biswanath Paul under Section 302/34 of IPC

by awarding life  sentence and a fine of Rs. 2000.00.

2. The prosecution   case   in   brief   is that, at

4.50  PM of  16th  June, 2000  Debol  Kumar  Ghosh, the

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deceased was sitting inside the Party Office of

CPI(M) at R.B.C. Road, Naihati, North 24­Paraganas at

which time a maruti gypsy car stopped, from which the

appellants got down. At the same time, four persons

on two bicycles came from the direction of the Mitra

Bagan Road and stopped   right in front of CPI(M)

Party  Office. The appellant by hand indicated Debol

Kumar Ghosh to four persons who had arrived there on

two bicycles, and one of them fired from pipe gun on

Debol Kumar Ghosh. Leaving two cycles, all four

persons got in the Maruti Gypsi which speed up

towards Gauripur.   Sandip Ghosh, the son of Debol

Kumar Ghosh who was sitting inside his medicine shop,

namely, “Ma Medical Stores” at R.B.C. Road, Naihati,

North 24­Parganas situated at 5 cubits from CPI(M)

Office saw the above incident and rushed to CPI(M)

Party Office and found his father Debol Kumar Ghosh

had sustained bullet injuries on his chest and was

lying on the floor.   The elder brother of Sandip

Ghosh, upon hearing the sound, also came to the Party

Office.  The victim, Debol Kumar Ghosh was thereafter

taken to Green View Nursing Home where he was

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declared dead by the doctors at 5.00 PM.  

3. The information of murder of Debol Kumar Ghosh

was received by the Police Officials of the Naihati

Police Station, who immediately rushed to the scene

of occurrence. After receiving an R.T. message at

17.15 hours, the Sub Inspector Tapan Kumar also

arrived at the scene at 17.40 hrs and remained at the

scene till 21.05 hours.   Sandip Ghosh went to the

police station at about 7.30­8.00 PM alongwith one

Arun Dey.  Arun Dey wrote the complaint at dictation

of Sandip Ghosh and a written complaint was submitted

to the police station.  The FIR No. 99 of 2000 was

registered under Section 302/34 of the IPC and

Section 25/27 Arms Act, naming accused Anjan

Dasgupta, Biswanath Paul, Sintu alias Saroj Roy and

Bhola Kundu.  

4. Tapan Kumar, Sub Inspector received the FIR

while he was still at the scene of occurrence.  Sub

Inspector Manick Chakraborty, on dictation of Tapan

Kumar with a Constable prepared the inquest report of

the dead body at Green View Nursing Home at 22.35

hours.  After the inquest report was prepared late in

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the evening, the dead body was sent for postmortem.

After completion of the investigation, accused Anjan

Dasgupta, Bhola Kundu, Sintu alias Saroj Roy and

Biswanath Paul were charged for the commission of the

offence under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the

IPC and Basudev Paul was charged for offence under

Section 212 of the IPC.

5. Prosecution examined thirty one witnesses in

support of its case; prosecution also produced

documentary evidences, namely, statements recorded

under Section 164 Cr. P.C. and certain other

documentary evidences.   Accused persons adduced no

oral evidences.  Accused were examined under Section

313 Cr. P.C.  

6. The learned Additional Sessions Judge acquitted

accused Biswanath Paul for offence under Section 212

and all other accused from charge of Section 302/34 .

State filed an appeal against the acquittal order.

The complainant also filed a Revisional Application

CRR No. 2263 of 2002, challenging the order of the

acquittal.   The High Court vide its judgment dated

16.02.2006 set aside the order of the acquittal as

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regards to Anjan Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul.   It,

however, confirmed the acquittal with regard to the

Sintu alias Saroj Roy and Bhola Kundu.  Acquittal of

Basudev Paul was also affirmed.   Appellant Anjan

Dasgupta was sentenced to undergo life imprisonment

with a fine of Rs. 2000.00/­. Anjan Dasgupta has

filed this appeal challenging his conviction and

sentence.

7. We have heard Shri Kapil Sibal learned senior

counsel appearing for the appellant, Shri Rupesh

Kumar learned senior counsel appearing for the

Respondent No. 2 and Parijat Sinha learned counsel

for the State of West Bengal.  

8. Shri Kapil Sibal learned senior counsel for the

appellant, in support of the appeal contends that

learned Sessions Judge after considering entire

evidence on record had rightly come to the conclusion

that evidence led by prosecution   contradicts the

prosecution story, as to the genesis of occurrence,

hence   did not commit any error in acquitting the

appellant. It is contended that FIR was ante­dated

and ante­timed as rightly held by the trial court.

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He submitted that from the evidence of PW 1 who gave

the written complaint for lodging an FIR, it is clear

that he went to the police station after 7.30 PM,

hence the FIR could not have been lodged before

7.30­8.00 PM and mention of time of receiving the

information in the FIR as 17.35 hour clearly proves

that it was ante­timed.  

9. Shri Kapil Sibal further submits that FIR, in

fact was lodged after inquest report and inquest

report according to the evidence was prepared after

the 22.35 hours.   It is submitted that ante­timing

and ante­dating of the FIR was with object to falsely

implicate the accused since by that time prosecution

story was still in vacuum. Shri Sibal referred to

various contradictions in the statement of witnesses

as noticed by trial court.   He submits that High

Court committed error in reversing the order of

acquittal.  It is well settled that if on an evidence

two views are possible and the trial court exercises

its discretion in having acquitted the accused, High

Court ought not to interfere with the acquittal

order.   The FIR was dispatched from the police

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station with great delay, which could be placed

before the Magistrate only on 22nd July, 2000, which

also clearly proves that FIR was not registered at

the time and the date when it is claimed.  Mention of

U.D. Case No. 43/2000, in FIR causes suspicion and

serious doubts with regard to the authenticity of the

FIR and subsequent inquest report. Prosecution failed

to prove any motive for the murder and in absence of

any motive, appellant could not have been convicted.  

10. Learned counsel appearing for the State as well

as complainant have refuted submissions of learned

counsel for the appellant. High Court, while

reversing the acquittal order has properly

reappraised the evidence and finding the guilt of the

accused, conviction has been recorded.   There are

more than one eyewitnesses who have proved by their

evidence, place of occurrence, death by bullet

injury, presence and participation of the appellant

in the crime, which has been established beyond any

reasonable doubt.  There was no delay or discrepancy

in the FIR. FIR, being a genuine document, trial

court committed error in holding that FIR is ante­

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timed and anti­dated. The High Court after correctly

appreciating the entire evidence on record has

rightly reversed the acquittal order.  With regard to

the delay   in sending the copy of the FIR to the

Magistrate, nothing was asked in the

cross­examination of the I.O. Further, although much

argument was raised before the trial court regarding

ante­timing and ante­dating of FIR but no questions

were put before the I.O. and the sub inspector who

recorded the FIR, when they appeared before the

court.

11. First, we proceed to consider the submissions of

the learned counsel for the appellant regarding

ante­timing and ante­dating of the FIR.   The trial

court had formulated point No. 3 as 'was the real FIR

suppressed and the FIR proved as ante­dated'. Trial

court had observed that PW 1 went to the police

station at about 7.30/8.00 PM but in the formal FIR

Exh. 9, it is recorded that information of the

commission of offence was received at 17.35 hours on

16th  June, 2000.   This entry in Exh. 9 contradicts

the aforesaid evidence of the PW 1 as regard to the

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time of lodging of complaint to the police station.

Argument was raised before the trial court that FIR

was, not only ante­timed but also ante­dated, as such

no reliance should be placed on the Exh. 3.

Magistrate had perused both the written complaint and

the FIR, which bore the endorsement “seen” dated 22nd

July 2000. Trial court held that FIR was dispatched

from the police station on 22nd  June, 2000 and was

received at the Magistrate Court on 23rd June, 2000.

The trial court had recorded its conclusion in

following words at Page No. 107:  

“As the FIR was antetimed and there was abnormal unexplained delay in dispatching the FIR to the office of the learned Magistrate as well as putting up the same before the learned Magistrate, adverse inference should be drawn against the prosecution.   The FIR cannot be attached with much value.”

Following observations were made by trial court at

Page No. 106:

"Even if the FIR was lodged after 7­30/8 p.m. as stated by the P.W.1 it would not lose it's value in it's entirety because it is not established that the FIR proved at the trial was a subsequent one or that it was written

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on any date after 16.6.2000”

12. Now, coming to the evidence on record, there is

evidence of PW 1 that he went to the police station

between 7.30/8.00 PM and the First Information Report

was written by Arun Dey on his dictation. Both the

above facts have been proved by statement of PW 1

Sandip Ghosh and PW 5 Arun Dey; both have signed the

written complaint. Shri Sunil Giri ASI PW 29 proved

the recording of the FIR on the basis of written

complaint given by Sandip Ghosh.  No suggestion was

put to PW 29 regarding the date or time of recording

of the FIR.

13. Shri Sunil Giri has proved the FIR, he further

proved that he received the FIR on 16th  June, 2000,

he proved his signature on the FIR also.  He denied

the suggestion that FIR was written on subsequent to

16th June, 2000. Thus there is no case of ante­dating

the FIR, even the trial court did not accept the

submission that FIR was ante­dated.  

14. Now we come to the main submissions, that is,

ante­timing of the FIR and delayed dispatch of the

FIR to the court of the Magistrate.  The sequence of

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the events, as it emerges from the evidence brought

before the court, i.e. the  evidence of PW 1 and PW

30, there is no doubt that PW 1 went to the police

station at about 7.30 PM. The statement of PW 30, in

this context, is very relevant.   PW 30 in his

statement has stated that on 16th June, 2000, when he

was posted at Police Station, Naihati, he was at

village Shibdaspur, in connection with another case,

when at 17.15 hours he received an RT Message that at

Mitra Bagan Crossing one Debol Kumar Ghosh had been

shot dead. He arrived at the spot at about 17.40

hours and remained there till 21.05 hours. He further

stated that he prepared the sketch map on the spot

and seized the certain articles including two

bicycles from the entrance of the party office room.

The statement in his examination­in­chief following

was stated by I.O.:

“While I was at village Shibdaspur under P. S. Naihaati in connection with another case at 17.15hrs. I received an R. T. message that at Mitrabagan crossing one Debal Kr. Ghosh had been shot dead. I then directly rushed to Mitrabagan More. I arrived there at 17­40 hrs.   There was law and order problem over the murder.  There was blockage of road.

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I received the FIR from the Police Station at the said Mitrabagan crossing.   I had been engaged with law and order maintaing job upto 21.05 hrs. I went to the C.P.I.M party office  at Mitrabagan crossing and prepared a sketch map thereof with index.”

15. In the cross­examination, he has stated that ASI

Sunil Giri had send him the R.T. message.  Sunil Giri

ASI thus had received the information of the murder

of Debol Kumar Ghosh before 17.15 hours, arrival of

Sub Inspector Tapan Kumar Mishra I.O. on the scene at

the time as claimed is proved; I.O. also went to the

Green View Nursing Home, accompanied by S.I. Manick

Chakraborty where dead body of the deceased, Debol

Kumar Ghosh was laid. Under the dictation of the

I.O., the inquest report was prepared by Manick

Chakraborty Sub Inspector of Police, which has

started on 22.35 hours. The inquest report which has

been proved by witnesses and I.O. clearly records the

following:

"Investigation  report over  the dead body of Deceased Debol Kumar Ghosh (48) years son of late Kiran Chandra Ghosh of 212/1 R.B.C. Road P.S. Naihati District North 24­Paraganas (Illegible)in C/W Naihati P.S. U.D.

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Case No. 43/2000 dt. 16.62000 and Naihati P.S. Case No. 99 of 16.6.2000 under Section 302/34 I.P.C. & 25/27 Arms Act.”

16. The inquest report thus mentioned both unnatural

death case (U.D. No. 43/2000) dated 16th  June, 2000

and P.S. Case No. 99 of 16th June, 2000 under Section

302/34 of IPC and 25/27 Arms Act.   From the above,

there can be no doubt that FIR was registered before

the inquest report of dead body started.   The

evidence indicates that information of death was

received by the police station before 17.15 hours and

police officials arrived at the spot immediately and

the I.O. arrived at the spot at  17.45 PM, by that

time other police officials had already reached. The

receipt and the recording of First Information Report

is not a condition precedent for setting in motion of

a criminal investigation.  When the information that

Debol Kumar Ghosh is shot dead, police was duty bound

to start investigation.  This Court in APREN JOSEPH

ALIAS CURRENT KUNJUKUNJU AND OTHERS VERSUS THE STATE

OF KERALA 1973 (3) SCC 114  stated following in

paragraph 11:  

“As observed by the Privy Council

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in K. E. v. Khwaja, the receipt and recording of information report by the police is not a condition precedent to the setting in motion of a criminal investigation.”

17. Much emphasis has been laid down by the learned

counsel for the appellant on the fact   that, FIR

notes in Column C, 'time 17.35'. The time 17.35

hours, we have already noted that Sunil Giri Sub

Inspector of Police has recorded in the First

Information Report. He had already received the

information before 17.15 hours since he had sent the

R.T. message to the I.O. Information of cognizable

offence having been received by the ASI, with regard

to the mention of time at 17.35 in the FIR, which was

recorded after 17.30 PM could have been explained if

any questions were put to ASI Sunil Giri. From the

cross­examination of ASI Sunil Giri, it does not

appear that any question was asked regarding the

recording time 17.35 in the FIR.   The possibility

cannot be ruled out that while registering the FIR on

the basis of written complaint, the ASI recorded the

time when he received the information in the police

station of the death of Debol Kumar Ghosh. In any

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view of matter, the above in no manner diminishes the

value or credibility of the FIR.

18. The  information  of  murder was received  before

17.35 hours at the police station which is fully

proved by arrival of the police officers much before

17.40 hours as proved by I.O. Hence mention of the

time at 17.35 can be treated as the time of receipt

of the information of the offence in the police

station and there is no such inconsistencies in the

FIR so as to come to the conclusion that FIR was

ante­timed.  

19. FIR as well as the inquest report both mentioned

the accused Anjan Dasgupta.  The inquest report has

not been questioned on any account. The offence,

having been committed at around 4­5 PM, registration

of the FIR at the police station between 7.30 to 8.00

PM does not cause any reason to draw any adverse

inference, more so, when after the occurrence, the

deceased was taken to the nearby nursing home where

he was declared dead and body remained there till the

inquest was over. The another circumstance, which

have been heavily relied by trial court and

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reiterated before us by learned counsel for the

appellant is dispatch of the FIR to the Magistrate

with delay.   This Court in  Pala Singh v. State of

Punjab 1972 (2) SCC 640  has held that delay in

forwarding the FIR to court is not fatal in a case in

which investigation has commenced promptly on its

basis.  

20. The I.O. after receipt of the information of an

offence by R.T. message had arrived at the scene on

17.40 hours, which clearly proves the prompt

commencement of the investigation. FIR was dispatched

on 22nd  June, 2000 which has also been accepted by

trial court.  When no questions were put to I.O. in

his cross­examination regarding the delay in

dispatch, at the time of hearing, the accused cannot

make capital of the said delay in forwarding the FIR.

This Court in Rabindra Mahto and Another v. State of

Jharkhand 2006 (10) SCC 432  has held that in every

case from the mere delay in sending the FIR to the

Magistrate, the Court would not conclude that the FIR

has been recorded much later in time than shown. It

is only extraordinary and unexplained delay, which

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may raise doubts regarding the authenticity of the

FIR.  

21. The present is the case, where recording of the

FIR on 16th  June, 2000 itself has been proved,

accepted by the trial court also, thus mere dispatch

of the FIR on 22nd June, 2000 from the police station

to the Magistrates' Court has no bearing on the basis

of which any adverse presumption can be drawn.  From

the above discussion, we are of the clear view that

the FIR was genuine FIR and trial court committed an

error in drawing adverse inference against the

prosecution and refusing to attach value to the FIR.  

22. The conclusion of the learned Sessions Judge that

the FIR was manipulated is thus found to be erroneous.

FIR has been proved by the evidence as noted above.

Thus, one of the basis of the decision of the Sessions

Judge for discarding the prosecution case is knocked

out.

23. Now, we came to the consideration of oral evidence

by Sessions Judge. Both the deceased and accused belong

to the same locality. The occurrence was witnessed by

several persons, including the eye­witnesses who

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appeared before the court and proved the prosecution

case, PW.1 Sandip Ghosh, PW.2 Vijay Das, PW.3 Kamal

Nath, PW.4 Manabendra Nag, PW.6 Prasanta Ghosh, PW.10

Shashanka Nath and PW 1 Shankar Ghosh.

24. PW.1 Sandip Ghosh, the son of the deceased was in

his medical shop “Maa Medical Stores” which is at the

distance of about 5 cubits from CPI(M) office. In his

eye­witness account, he stated that at 04:50 PM when he

was at his shop, he found a motor vehicle, a Maruti

Gypsy to come from side of Naihati Station and got

itself parked on R.B.C. Road after crossing Mitrapara

and R.B.C. Road Crossing. He saw Biswanath Paul and

Anjan Dasgupta got down from the said motor vehicle and

at that very moment, four boys about age 22/23 years

came in front of aforesaid party office from side of

Mitra Bagan by two Bicycle. He further saw Anjan

Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul   to point out his father

sitting inside the party office. One of the said boys

took out a pipe gun and shoot Debol Ghosh. Anjan

Dasgupta further observed that “Hay Gechi Tara Tari

Chale Aiy”. Thereafter, the said vehicle left. In the

cross­examination, the witness stood firm with his eye­

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witness accound and could not be shaken.  

25. PW 2 Vijay Das on the fateful day was standing at

the gate of the party office inside of which Debol

Ghosh was sitting. Debol Ghosh after taking the tea

asked him to bring the beetle leave. He went to the

beetle  shop in  front   of  the  party's  office on  the

other side of road, where he saw Anjan Dasgupta and

Biswanath Paul to get down from Maruti Gypsy at the

crossing of R.B.C. Road. At that time  four persons by

two bicycles came from the Mitrapara side. One of the

said four boys brought a shooter machine and fired

Debal Ghosh. Thereafter, all left towards Gouripur.

26. PW 3 Kamal Nath, who has a shop on the footpath in

front of the CPI(M) party office, stated in his

evidence that in the afternoon of 16th June at 03:00 PM

to 04:00 PM, he was sitting inside the party office and

he went out of the office room and was standing outside

smoking a 'cigarette'. At that time, a red Gypsy came

and stationed at the distance of 3 cubits from him,

from which Anjan Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul got down.

At that very time, 4 persons came by 2 Bicycles from

the side of Mitra Bagan. Two of the said persons fired

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from outside the party office and shot Debol Ghosh.

They left the bicycles and left the place by Gypsy

towards Gouripur.

27. The almost similar eye­witness account has been

narrated by other eye­witness who were examined by

Prosecution.

28. Learned Sessions Judge pointing out certain

discrepancy/contradiction in the statement held that

the evidence by eye­witnesses does not inspire

confidence. Learned Sessions Judge had also made

observation that no explanation had been offered by the

prosecution as to why statement of witnesses under

Section 164 Cr. P.C. was recorded with delay. The

statement given by the eye­witness in the court cannot

be discarded merely on the grounds that statement which

got recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C.   by the

prosecution was not immediately recorded.  

29. The cross­examination of I.O. PW.31 does not

indicates that the any explanation was asked from him

regarding delayed recording of the statement under

Section 164 Cr.P.C.

30. The High Court has also re­appraised the entire

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oral evidence and had observed that eye­witnesses stick

to their earlier statements except one or two witnesses

who attempted to add something during the statements.

Following had been recorded by the High Court at Page

22:

“...We have carefully examined the statement  of  the  witnesses  and  also their statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. and we find that there was attempt on the part of one or two witnesses to add something more during their statement recorded before the learned Magistrate, but, as a whole all the eye­witnesses sticked to their earlier statements given before the I.O. and they made the same  statement  before  the  trial Court during their examination...”

31. After looking to the evidence of eye­witnesses,

High Court has observed that all of them had deposed of

arrival of Maruti Gypsy Vehicle, Presence of Anjan

Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul on the place of occurrence

and about giving instructions to shoot Debol Ghosh and

subsequently helping the persons to flee from the place

of occurrence by getting inside the Maruti Gypsy

Vehicle. Following are the findings recorded by the

High Court:

“...From the statements of PW.1,

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PW.2, PW.3, PW.4, PW.6, PW.10 and also from PW.21 we find that all of them deposed about arrival of a maruti gypsy vehicle, presence of Anjan Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul on the place of occurrence and also about  giving  of instruction to  shot at  Debal  Ghosh  and  subsequently for helping the persons to flee from the place of occurrence by getting inside the maruti gypsy vehicle...”  

32. The appreciation of evidence of eye­witnesses and

discarding the aforesaid evidences by the learned

Sessions Judge was on flimsy ground and  based on

surmises and conjectures  which has been correctly

re­appreciated by the High Court. For instance, with

regard to eye­witness PW 2 Vijay Das, learned Sessions

Judge discard the evidence of PW 2 by giving following

reasons:

“...In the statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. marked Exhibit 1 this  gentleman  told that  on hearing sound of firing he rushed and found that Debal Ghosh was shot and one was going to pick up the bicycle. At that time he tried to catch the said man and Anjan said “be quickly the pigs”. In the statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C. which was made more than two months after the alleged date of occurrence did not name the person whom he tried to catch. So this omission contradicts the aforesaid  evidence  of  the  PW.2.

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The PW2's evidence being contradicted by his earlier belated statement under Section 164 Cr.P.C as well as suffers from improbability cannot be relied on...”

33. The mere fact that the witness did not name the

person  whom he  tried  to catch  does  not  lead to  any

contradiction since all eye­witness have stated that

four persons came by 2 bicycles one of whom shoot Debol

Ghosh.

34. PW 2 stated that he tried to catch one person of

the aforesaid and omission not to name the person does

not lead to any contradiction nor can result in

discarding the evidence. The observation of learned

Sessions Judge that the evidence suffers from the

improbability and cannot be relied is also not based on

any valid reason.

35. Some minor contradiction has been pointed out by

learned Session Judge in the evidence of other

eye­witnesses which have rightly been discarded by the

High Court and the High Court after re­appreciating the

evidence has rightly come to the conclusion that the

occurrence as well as participation of Anjan Dasgupta,

the appellant was proved. Following conclusion has been

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recorded by the High Court:

“...Thus from the evidence on record we get that several witnesses of the locality who were present on the place of occurrence had noticed Anjan Dasgupta and Biswanath Paul on the place of occurrence and also noticed their active participation in the matter of murder of Debal Ghosh and in this context we want to record that the learned trial Court totally misdirected itself  in  the  matter  of appreciation  of the evidence  of the eye­witness.”

36. High Court was conscious that the case where

acquittal has been made, while entertaining an appeal

over an order of acquittal if two views are possible on

making   proper appreciation of available evidence the

view going in favour of accused have to given

importance. It is well settled that in case where an

order of acquittal has been made on improper and

erroneous appreciation of evidence, it is always open

to the court of appeal to make proper and reasonable

appreciation evidence and differ from the order of

acquittal and in such event, it shall never hesitate in

reversing the same. Ultimately, the High Court

concluded:

“...From scanning of the entire

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prosecution evidence and having regard to submission of the respective parties, we are constrained to hold that the learned trial Court was totally wrong both in law and, in fact, in making its observation that the FIR was antedated and anti timed and a manipulated one. The trial Court also erred in law by discarding the FIR for delay in dispatching the same in the Court of the Magistrate.”

37. We are of the opinion that the findings and

conclusion recorded by the High Court are based on

the correct appreciation of evidence and do not

suffer from any error. The judgment of the High Court

reversing the acquittal recorded by learned Sessions

Judge needs no interference. There are no merits in

this appeal. The appeal is dismissed. The appellant

is on bail his bail bonds are cancelled and the

appellant is directed to be taken into custody

forthwith.

.............................................J.      (PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE)

..........................................J.      (ASHOK BHUSHAN)

NEW DELHI; NOVEMBER 25,  2016.