V.K. SASIKALA Vs STATE REP. BY SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE
Bench: P. SATHASIVAM,RANJAN GOGOI
Case number: Crl.A. No.-001497-001497 / 2012
Diary number: 19094 / 2012
Advocates: Vs
B. BALAJI
Page 1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL No.1497 of 2012
(Arising out of SLP (Criminal) No.4560 of 2012)
V.K. SASIKALA … Appellant
Versus
STATE REP. BY SUPERINTENDENT …Respondent OF POLICE
WITH
CRIMINAL APPEAL No.1498 of 2012 (Arising out of SLP (Criminal) No.4561 of 2012)
J U D G M E N T
RANJAN GOGOI, J
Leave granted.
2. Two orders of the High Court of Karnataka dated 16th
April, 2012 and 28th May, 2012 upholding the rejection of
two separate applications made by the appellant herein for
Page 2
certified copies or in the alternative for inspection of
certain unmarked and unexhibited documents in a trial
pending against her is the subject matter of challenge in
the appeals under consideration. The facts leading to the
applications filed before the learned trial court and the
grounds of rejection being largely similar both the appeals
were heard analogously.
3. A convenient staring point for the required narration
of the relevant facts could be the order of this court dated
18th November, 2003 passed in Transfer Petitions
(Criminal) Nos.77-78 of 2003 (K. Anbazhagan vs.
Superintendent of Police and others1). By the aforesaid
order dated 18th November, 2003 this court had
transferred the proceeding in CC No.7 of 1997 from the
court of the 11th Additional Sessions Judge (Special Court
No.1), Chennai to a Special Court in Bangalore to be
constituted by the State of Karnataka in consultation with
the Chief Justice of the High Court of Karnataka. The
appellant before us is the second accused in the aforesaid
1 (2004) 3 SCC 767
2
Page 3
transferred proceeding which has been registered as Spl.
CC.No.208 of 2004 and is presently pending in the court of
the 36th Additional Sessions Judge and Special Judge,
Bangalore. It may also be noticed that along with CC No.7
of 1997 there was another proceeding i.e. CC No. 2 of
2001 pending in the file of the same court, i.e. 11th
Additional Sessions Judge (Special Court No.1), Chennai
against the same accused which was also transferred to
the Special Court in Bangalore by the order dated 18th
November, 2003. However, the said proceeding would not
be of any relevance at the present stage as the
chargesheet in the said case has since been withdrawn and
the matter stands closed.
4. The transfer of CC No.7 of 1997 and CC No. 2 of 2001
from the court at Chennai was sought by one Shri K.
Anbazhagan, General Secretary of DMK Party, a recognised
political party in the State of Tamil Nadu. In case No.CC
No. 7 of 1997 then pending in the competent court at
Chennai allegations of commission of offences under
Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code and Section 13(2)
3
Page 4
read with Section 13(1) (e) of the Prevention of Corruption
Act, 1988 were made against the present appellant who
was arrayed as the second accused in the case and also
against one Smt. J. Jayalalitha, who was arrayed as the
first accused. There were two other accused in the
aforesaid proceeding, namely, accused No.3 and 4, who are
relatives of the present appellant, i.e., accused No.2. The
offences alleged arose out of certain acts and omissions
attributed to the accused during the period 1991-1996
when the first accused was the Chief Minister of the State
which office she had demitted after the General Elections
held in the State in 1996. According to the petitioner in
the Transfer Petitions, chargesheet in the aforesaid case
had been filed on 21st October, 1997 and more than 250
prosecution witnesses had been examined by the end of
August, 2000. The accused No.1, once again, became the
Chief Minister of the State following the General Elections
held in May, 2001. Though the appointment of the first
accused as the Chief Minister was nullified by this court
and the accused ceased to be Chief Minister, w.e.f., 21st
4
Page 5
September, 2001, she was elected to the State assembly in
a by-election held on 21st February, 2002 and was, once
again, sworn in as the Chief Minister of the State on 2nd
March, 2002. It was stated in the Transfer Petitions that,
thereafter, the course of trial of CC.No.7 of 1997 took a
peculiar turn and a large number of prosecution witnesses
(76 in all) who had been discharged were recalled without
any objection of the public prosecutor. 64 of such
witnesses resiled from their earlier versions tendered in
court. It was also alleged that none of these witnesses
were declared hostile by the public prosecutor.
Furthermore, according to the petitioner, the presence of
the first accused in court for her examination under
Section 313 Cr.P.C. was dispensed with and, instead, a
questionnaire was sent to the first accused to which she
had responded. It is in these circumstances that the
Transfer Petitions were filed before this Court.
5. Transfer Petitions Nos.77-78 of 2003 were allowed by
the order of this court dated 18th November, 2003 with
certain directions. To recapitulate the said directions,
5
Page 6
Paragraph 34 of the judgment of this court may be
extracted:
“34. In the result, we deem it expedient for the ends of justice to allow these petitions. The only point that remains to be considered now is to which State the cases should be transferred. We are of the view that for the convenience of the parties the State of Karnataka would be most convenient due to its nearness to Tamil Nadu. Accordingly, the petitions are allowed. CC No. 7 of 1997 and CC No. 2 of 2001 pending on the file of the XIth Additional Sessions Judge (Special Court No. 1), Chennai in the State of Tamil Nadu shall stand transferred with the following directions:
(a) The State of Karnataka in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of Karnataka shall constitute a Special Court under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 to whom CC No. 7 of 1997 and CC No. 2 of 2001 pending on the file of the XIth Additional Sessions Judge (Special Court No. 1), Chennai in the State of Tamil Nadu shall stand transferred. The Special Court to have its sitting in Bangalore.
(b) As the matter is pending since 1997 the State of Karnataka shall appoint a Special Judge within a month from the date of receipt of this order and the trial before the Special Judge shall commence as soon as possible and will then proceed from day to day till completion.
6
Page 7
(c) The State of Karnataka in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of Karnataka shall appoint a senior lawyer having experience in criminal trials as Public Prosecutor to conduct these cases. The Public Prosecutor so appointed shall be entitled to assistance of another lawyer of his choice. The fees and all other expenses of the Public Prosecutor and the Assistant shall be paid by the State of Karnataka who will thereafter be entitled to get the same reimbursed from the State of Tamil Nadu. The Public Prosecutor to be appointed within six weeks from today. (d) The investigating agency is directed to render all assistance to the Public Prosecutor and his Assistant. (e) The Special Judge so appointed to proceed with the cases from such stage as he deems fit and proper and in accordance with law. (f) The Public Prosecutor will be at liberty to apply that the witnesses who have been recalled and cross-examined by the accused and who have resiled from their previous statement, may be again recalled. The Public Prosecutor would be at liberty to apply to the court to have these witnesses declared hostile and to seek permission to cross-examine them. Any such application if made to the Special Court shall be allowed. The Public Prosecutor will also be at liberty to apply that action in perjury to be taken against some or all such witnesses. Any such application(s) will
7
Page 8
be undoubtedly considered on its merit(s). (g) The State of Tamil Nadu shall ensure that all documents and records are forthwith transferred to the Special Court on its constitution. The State of Tamil Nadu shall also ensure that the witnesses are produced before the Special Court whenever they are required to attend that court. (h) In case any witness asks for protection, the State of Karnataka shall provide protection to that witness. (i) The Special Judge shall after completion of evidence put to all the accused all relevant evidence and documents appearing against them whilst recording their statement under Section 313. All the accused shall personally appear in court, on the day they are called upon to do so, for answering questions under Section 313 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
These petitions are allowed in the above terms.”
6. Though a detailed recital will not be necessary it
appears that notwithstanding the above directions of this
court not much progress has been achieved to bring to
trial in Special CC No. 208 of 2004 to its logical
conclusion. Soon after the proceedings were transferred to
the Special Court at Bangalore an order dated 27th June,
8
Page 9
2005 was passed by the learned trial court for clubbing of
the two cases. This order came to be challenged before
this court by the petitioner in the Transfer Petitions, i.e.
Shri K. Anbazihagan and until the Special Leave Petition
filed (SLP No.3828/2005) was disposed of on 22nd January,
2010 the criminal proceedings had remained stayed. It
also appears that from time to time applications had been
filed before the learned trial court by one or the accused
raising different interlocutory issues and also seeking to
vindicate different facets of the right of the accused to a
free and fair trial. Such applications, inter alia, were for
translation of depositions of prosecution witnesses
running into thousands of pages; for corrections in such
translations; for appointment or assistance of an
interpreter and such are the incidental matters. The
orders passed by the trial court on all such applications
invariably came to be challenged before the High Court
and even before this court. On several of such occasions
the trial came to be halted due to interim orders passed by
different courts. Consequently, as on date the
9
Page 10
examination of the appellant (accused No.2) under Section
313 Cr.P.C. is going on, the same having commenced on
18th February, 2012. While such examination of the
appellant was midway and she had answered over 500
questions out of the contemplated double the number, an
application dated 16th April, 2012 was filed by the
appellant before the learned trial court seeking certified
copies of certain unmarked and unexhibited documents
which were claimed to be in the custody of the court on
being so forwarded alongwith the report of investigation
under Section 173(5) Cr.P.C. The learned trial court
dismissed the said application by its order 3rd April, 2012,
whereafter, the High Court of Karnataka was approached
by means of Criminal Petition No.1840 of 2012. The
petition having been dismissed by the High Court on 16th
April, 2012, the appellant forthwith filed another
application before the learned trial court, this time,
seeking an inspection of the said unmarked and
unexhibited documents in respect of which the earlier
application was filed but rejected. This application was
10
Page 11
also rejected by the learned trial court by its order dated
21st April, 2012 which led to the inception of Criminal
Petition No.2483 of 2012 in the High Court which was
dismissed on 28th May, 2002 . The said order dated 28th
May, 2012 as well as the earlier order dated 16th April,
2012 of the High Court have been challenged before this
court in the present appeals.
7. A reading of the orders passed by the learned trial
court on the applications filed by the present appellant as
well as the two separate orders passed by the High Court
affirming the orders of the trial court would go to show
that the grounds that found favour with the learned courts
to reject the prayer made by the appellant are largely
similar. It is the view of the learned trial court as well as
the High Court that in the present case the charges
against the appellant were framed way back in the year
2007. At the time of the framing of the charge the court is
required to satisfy itself that all papers, documents and
statements required to be furnished to the accused under
Section 207 Cr.P.C. have been so furnished. No grievance
11
Page 12
in this regard was raised by the appellant or any of the
accused. The issue was also not raised at any point of
time in the course of examination of any of the
prosecution witnesses (over 250 witnesses had been
examined). It has also been expressed by the High Court
that though the appellant had answered over 532
questions in her examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C. no
grievance was raised or any prejudice claimed by the
appellant at any earlier point of time. It is also the view of
the High Court that non furnishing of the copies of the
documents or not conceding to the prayer for inspection
will not automatically render the prosecution bad in law in
as much as the effect of such action must result in
prejudice to the accused which question can well be
decided when the matter is being considered on merits.
The High Court also took the view that the documents,
copies or inspection of which was sought, being unmarked
and unexhibited documents, objections can always be
raised if the accused is to be questioned in connection
with such documents in her examination under section
12
Page 13
313 Cr.P.C. In addition to the above, the High Court was
of the view that this court having passed clear directions
in its order dated 18th November, 2003 that the criminal
proceedings against the accused should be brought to its
earliest conclusion by conducting the trial on day to day
basis, the filing of the applications for certified
copies/inspection of the unmarked and unexhibited
documents constitute another attempt on the part of the
appellant to over reach the order of this court and delay
the trial. It is the correctness of the reasons assigned by
the High Court for ultimate conclusions reached by it that
has been assailed before us in the present appeals.
8. We have heard Shri Shekhar Naphade and Shri V.Giri,
learned senior counsel for the appellant and Shri Rakesh
Dwivedi, learned senior counsel for the respondent. We
have also heard Shri T.R. Andhiyarujina, learned senior
counsel appearing for the applicant Shri K.Anbazhagan,
General Secretary, DMK Party, who has sought
impleadment in the present proceedings. The learned
senior counsel had been heard, primarily, on the prayer for
13
Page 14
impleadment, in the course of which, naturally, he was
permitted to traverse the relevant facts of the case. Upon
hearing the learned senior counsel we do not consider it
necessary to pass any specific order on the impleadment
application as we are finally disposing both the appeals by
the present order.
9. Learned counsel for the appellant have vehemently
contended that from the objections filed to the
applications seeking certified copies or an inspection of
the unmarked and unexhibited documents as well as from
the orders of the learned trial courtpassed on the said
applications it is clear that out of the papers forwarded to
the court under Section 173(5) Cr.P.C. alongwith the
report of investigation some documents have been marked
and exhibited by the prosecution while some other
documents have not been so utilised. As all such
documents had been forwarded to the court upon
completion of investigation the unmarked and unexhibited
documents are in the custody of the court. According to
the learned counsel, the appellant in her application to
14
Page 15
the learned trial court (IA No.711/2012) had set out a
complete list of the unmarked documents mentioning the
particulars of the search lists by which the documents
were seized in the course of investigation. Learned
counsel has further argued that the conduct of the
prosecution in not marking and exhibiting the said
documents can only indicate that the same do not support
the prosecution case and in fact may assist the defence of
the accused. As the answers to the questions put to the
accused under Section 313 are capable of being relied
upon against or in favour of the accused, the appellant had
sought copies/inspection of such documents so as to be in
a position to assess as to which of the documents can
come to the aid of her defence so that the answers given
by her in her examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C. can
be projected without reflecting any inconsistency with the
defence that may be adduced. The attention of the court
has also been drawn to an affidavit filed by the petitioner
pinpointing as to how some of the documents could be
relevant to certain specific questions put to the appellant
15
Page 16
in the course of her examination under Section 313
Cr.P.C. In fact, according to the learned counsel the right
of the appellant to copies or, at least, to an inspection of
the documents constitute a part of the larger right of the
appellant to a fair trial of the charges levelled against her.
Reliance has been placed on the decisions of this court in
Sidhartha Vashisht alias Manu Sharma vs. State (NCT) of
Delhi2 , Sanatan Naskar and another vs. State of
West Bengal3 and Manu Sao vs. State of Bihar4.
10. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State has
contended that when the documents copies or inspection
of which has been sought are not being relied on by the
prosecution, in any manner, to bring home the charge
against the appellant it is not open for the appellant to
insist on any right to the copies of such documents or to
inspect the same. It is urged that the documents relevant
to the charge had been furnished to the appellant under
Section 207at the appropriate stage of the proceeding and 2 (2010) 6 SCC 1 3 (2010) 8 SCC 249 4 (2011) 7 SCC 310
16
Page 17
also that such documents had been duly considered at the
time of framing of charges. No issue in this regard was
raised by the appellant at any earlier point of time. In
fact, though different objections to various other facets of
the trial were raised by the appellant from time to time by
filing repeated/successive applications it is only when the
examination of the appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C.
had reached a fairly advanced stage that the present
applications have been filed. Both the applications,
therefore, are in utter abuse of the process of law and
being calculated only to delay the trial the same have been
rightly rejected by the learned trial courtwhich orders
have been affirmed by the High Court. Learned counsel
has also pointed out that the contention to the effect that
the documents are required to enable the appellant to
prepare her defence is wholly untenable as the said stage
would arise only after the examination of all the accused
under Section 313 Cr.P.C. is complete.
11. The parameters governing the process of
investigation of a criminal charge; the duties of the
17
Page 18
investigating agency and the role of the courts after the
process of investigation is over and a report thereof is
submitted to the court is exhaustively laid down in the
different Chapters of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
(Cr.P.C.). Though the power of the investigating agency is
large and expansive and the courts have a minimum role
in this regard there are inbuilt provisions in the Code to
ensure that investigation of a criminal offence is
conducted keeping in mind the rights of an accused to a
fair process of investigation. The mandatory duty cast on
the investigating agency to maintain a case diary of every
investigation on a day to day basis and the power of the
court under Section 172 (2) and the plenary power
conferred in the High Courts by Article 226 the
Constitution are adequate safeguards to ensure the
conduct of a fair investigation. Without dilating on the
said aspect of the matter what has to be taken note of now
are the provisions of the Code that deal with a
situation/stage after completion of the investigation of a
case. In this regard the provisions of Section 173 (5) may
18
Page 19
be specifically noted. The said provision makes it
incumbent on the Investigating agency to
forward/transmit to the concerned court all
documents/statements etc. on which the prosecution
proposes to rely in the course of the trial. Section 173(5),
however, is subject to the provisions of Section 173(6)
which confers a power on the investigating officer to
request the concerned court to exclude any part of the
statement or documents forwarded under Section 173(5)
from the copies to be granted to the accused. The court
having jurisdiction to deal with the matter, on receipt of
the report and the accompanying documents under
Section 173, is next required to decide as to whether
cognizance of the offence alleged is to be taken in which
event summons for the appearance of the accused before
the court is to be issued. On such appearance, under
Section 207 Cr.P.C., the concerned court is required to
furnish to the accused copies of the following documents:
(ii The police report;
19
Page 20
(iiiThe first information report recorded under
section 154;
(iiii The statements recorded under sub-
section (3) of section 161 of all persons
whom the prosecution proposes to examine
as its witnesses, excluding therefrom any
part in regard to which a request for such
exclusion has been made by the police
officer under sub-section (6) of section 173;
( vi i The confessions and statements, if
any, recorded under section 164;
(vi Any other document or relevant
extract thereof forwarded to the Magistrate
with the police report under sub-section (5)
of section 173.
12. While the first proviso to Section 207 empowers the
court to exclude from the copies to be furnished to the
accused such portions as may be covered by Section
173(6), the second proviso to Section 207 empowers the
court to provide to the accused an inspection of the
20
Page 21
documents instead of copies thereof, if, in the opinion of
the court it is not practicable to furnish to the accused
the copies of the documents because of the voluminous
content thereof. We would like to emphasise, at this
stage, that while referring to the aforesaid provisions of
the Code, we have deliberately used the expressions
“court” instead of the expression “Magistrate” as under
various special enactments the requirement of
commitment of a case to a higher court (court of
Sessions) by the Magistrate as mandated by the Code has
been dispensed with and the special courts constituted
under a special statute have been empowered to receive
the report of the investigation along with the relevant
documents directly from the investigating agency and
thereafter to take cognizance of the offence, if so required.
13. It is in the context of the above principles of law and
the provisions of the Code that the rights of the appellant
will have to be adjudicated upon by us in the present case.
It is not in dispute that after the appearance of the accused
in the Court of the Special Judge a large number of
21
Page 22
documents forwarded to the Court by the Investigating
Officer along with his report, had been furnished to the
accused. Thereafter, charges against the accused had been
framed way back in the year 2007 and presently the trial
has reached the stage of examination of the second
accused, i.e. appellant under the provisions of Section 313
Cr.P.C. At no earlier point of time (before the examination
of the second accused under Section 313 Cr.P.C.) the
accused had pointed out that there are documents in the
Court which have been forwarded to it under Section 173
(5) and which have not been relied upon by the prosecution.
It is only at such an advanced stage of the trial that the
accused, after pointing out the said facts, had claimed an
entitlement to copies of the said documents or at least an
inspection of the same on the ground that the said
documents favour the accused.
14. Seizure of a large number of documents in the course
of investigation of a criminal case is a common feature.
After completion of the process of investigation and before
submission of the report to the Court under Section 173
22
Page 23
Cr.P.C., a fair amount of application of mind on the part of
the investigating agency is inbuilt in the Code. Such
application of mind is both with regard to the specific
offence(s) that the Investigating Officer may consider to
have been committed by the accused and also the identity
and particulars of the specific documents and records,
seized in the course of investigation, which supports the
conclusion of the Investigating Officer with regard to the
offence(s) allegedly committed. Though it is only such
reports which support the prosecution case that are
required to be forwarded to the Court under Section 173 (5)
in every situation where some of the seized papers and
documents do not support the prosecution case and, on the
contrary, supports the accused, a duty is cast on the
Investigating Officer to evaluate the two sets of documents
and materials collected and, if required, to exonerate the
accused at that stage itself. However, it is not impossible
to visualize a situation whether the Investigating Officer
ignores the part of the seized documents which favour the
accused and forwards to the Court only those documents
23
Page 24
which support the prosecution. If such a situation is
pointed by the accused and such documents have, in fact,
been forwarded to the Court would it not be the duty of the
Court to make available such documents to the accused
regardless of the fact whether the same may not have been
marked and exhibited by the prosecution? What would
happen in a situation where such documents are not
forwarded by the Investigating Officer to the Court is a
question that does not arise in the present case. What has
arisen before us is a situation where evidently the
unmarked and unexhibited documents of the case that are
being demanded by the accused had been forwarded to the
Court under Section 173 (5) but are not being relied upon
by the prosecution. Though the prosecution has tried to
cast some cloud on the issue as to whether the unmarked
and unexhibited documents are a part of the report under
Section 173 Cr.P.C., it is not denied by the prosecution that
the said unmarked and unexhibited documents are
presently in the custody of the Court. Besides, the accused
in her application before the learned Trial court(IA
24
Page 25
711/2012) had furnished specific details of the said
documents and had correlated the same with reference to
specific seizure lists prepared by the investigating agency.
In such circumstances, it can be safely assumed that what
has been happened in the present case is that along with
the report of investigation a large number of documents
have been forwarded to the Court out of which the
prosecution has relied only on a part thereof leaving the
remainder unmarked and unexhibited.
15. In a recent pronouncement in Siddharth Vashisht @
Manu Sharma V. State (NCT of Delhi) (supra) to which one
of us (Sathasivam, J) was a party, the role of a public
prosecutor and his duties of disclosure have received a
wide and in-depth consideration of this Court. This Court
has held that though the primary duty of a Public
Prosecutor is to ensure that an accused is punished, his
duties extend to ensuring fairness in the proceedings and
also to ensure that all relevant facts and circumstances
are brought to the notice of the Court for a just
determination of the truth so that due justice prevails.
25
Page 26
The fairness of the investigative process so as to maintain
the citizens’ rights under Articles 19 and 21 and also the
active role of the court in a criminal trial have been
exhaustively dealt with by this Court. Finally, it was held
that it is the responsibility of the investigating agency as
well as that of the courts to ensure that every
investigation is fair and does not erode the freedom of an
individual except in accordance with law. It was also held
that one of the established facets of a just, fair and
transparent investigation is the right of an accused to ask
for all such documents that he may be entitled to under
the scheme contemplated by the Code of Criminal
Procedure. The said scheme was duly considered by this
Court in different paragraphs of the report. The views
expressed would certainly be useful for reiteration in the
context of the facts of the present case:-
“216. Under Section 170, the documents during investigation are required to be forwarded to the Magistrate, while in terms of Section 173(5) all documents or relevant extracts and the statement recorded under Section 161 have to be forwarded to the Magistrate. The
26
Page 27
investigating officer is entitled to collect all the material, which in his wisdom is required for proving the guilt of the offender. He can record statement in terms of Section 161 and his power to investigate the matter is a very wide one, which is regulated by the provisions of the Code. The statement recorded under Section 161 is not evidence per se under Section 162 of the Code. The right of the accused to receive the documents/statements submitted before the court is absolute and it must be adhered to by the prosecution and the court must ensure supply of documents/statements to the accused in accordance with law. Under the proviso to Section 162(1) the accused has a statutory right of confronting the witnesses with the statements recorded under Section 161 of the Code thus indivisible.
217. Further, Section 91 empowers the court to summon production of any document or thing which the court considers necessary or desirable for the purposes of any investigation, inquiry, trial or another proceeding under the provisions of the Code. Where Section 91 read with Section 243 says that if the accused is called upon to enter his defence and produce his evidence there he has also been given the right to apply to the court for issuance of process for compelling the attendance of any witness for the purpose of examination, cross-examination or the production of any document or other thing for which the court has to pass a reasoned order.
27
Page 28
218. The liberty of an accused cannot be interfered with except under due process of law. The expression “due process of law” shall deem to include fairness in trial. The court (sic Code) gives a right to the accused to receive all documents and statements as well as to move an application for production of any record or witness in support of his case. This constitutional mandate and statutory rights given to the accused place an implied obligation upon the prosecution (prosecution and the Prosecutor) to make fair disclosure. The concept of fair disclosure would take in its ambit furnishing of a document which the prosecution relies upon whether filed in court or not. That document should essentially be furnished to the accused and even in the cases where during investigation a document is bona fide obtained by the investigating agency and in the opinion of the Prosecutor is relevant and would help in arriving at the truth, that document should also be disclosed to the accused.
219. The role and obligation of the Prosecutor particularly in relation to disclosure cannot be equated under our law to that prevalent under the English system as aforereferred to. But at the same time, the demand for a fair trial cannot be ignored. It may be of different consequences where a document which has been obtained suspiciously, fraudulently or by causing undue
28
Page 29
advantage to the accused during investigation such document could be denied in the discretion of the Prosecutor to the accused whether the prosecution relies or not upon such documents, however in other cases the obligation to disclose would be more certain. As already noticed the provisions of Section 207 have a material bearing on this subject and make an interesting reading. This provision not only require or mandate that the court without delay and free of cost should furnish to the accused copies of the police report, first information report, statements, confessional statements of the persons recorded under Section 161 whom the prosecution wishes to examine as witnesses, of course, excluding any part of a statement or document as contemplated under Section 173(6) of the Code, any other document or relevant extract thereof which has been submitted to the Magistrate by the police under sub-section (5) of Section 173. In contradistinction to the provisions of Section 173, where the legislature has used the expression “documents on which the prosecution relies” are not used under Section 207 of the Code. Therefore, the provisions of Section 207 of the Code will have to be given liberal and relevant meaning so as to achieve its object. Not only this, the documents submitted to the Magistrate along with the report under Section 173(5) would deem to include the documents which have to be sent to the Magistrate during the course of investigation as per the requirement of Section 170(2) of the Code.
29
Page 30
220. The right of the accused with regard to disclosure of documents is a limited right but is codified and is the very foundation of a fair investigation and trial . On such matters, the accused cannot claim an indefeasible legal right to claim every document of the police file or even the portions which are permitted to be excluded from the documents annexed to the report under Section 173(2) as per orders of the court. But certain rights of the accused flow both from the codified law as well as from equitable concepts of the constitutional jurisdiction, as substantial variation to such procedure would frustrate the very basis of a fair trial. To claim documents within the purview of scope of Sections 207, 243 read with the provisions of Section 173 in its entirety and power of the court under Section 91 of the Code to summon documents signifies and provides precepts which will govern the right of the accused to claim copies of the statement and documents which the prosecution has collected during investigation and upon which they rely.
221. It will be difficult for the Court to say that the accused has no right to claim copies of the documents or request the Court for production of a document which is part of the general diary subject to satisfying the basic ingredients of law stated therein. A document which has been obtained bona fide and has bearing on the case
30
Page 31
of the prosecution and in the opinion of the Public Prosecutor, the same should be disclosed to the accused in the interest of justice and fair investigation and trial should be furnished to the accused . Then that document should be disclosed to the accused giving him chance of fair defence, particularly when non-production or disclosure of such a document would affect administration of criminal justice and the defence of the accused prejudicially.”
(emphasis supplied)
(Sidhartha Vashisht v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2010) 6 SCC 1)
16. The declaration of the law in Sidhartha Vashisht
(supra) may have touched upon the outer fringe of the
issues arising in the present case. However, the positive
advancement that has been achieved cannot, in our view,
be allowed to take a roundabout turn and the march has
only to be carried forward. If the claim of the appellant is
viewed in context and perspective outlined above,
according to us, a perception of possible prejudice, if the
documents or at least an inspection thereof is denied,
looms large. The absence of any claim on the part of the
31
Page 32
accused to the said documents at any earlier point of time
cannot have the effect of foreclosing such a right of the
accused. Absence of such a claim, till the time when
raised, can be understood and explained in several
reasonable and acceptable ways. Suffice it would be to say
that individual notion of prejudice, difficulty or handicap in
putting forward a defence would vary from person to person
and there can be no uniform yardstick to measure such
perceptions. If the present appellant has perceived certain
difficulties in answering or explaining some part of the
evidence brought by the prosecution on the basis of specific
documents and seeks to ascertain if the allegedly
incriminating documents can be better explained by
reference to some other documents which are in the court’s
custody, an opportunity must be given to the accused to
satisfy herself in this regard. It is not for the prosecution
or for the Court to comprehend the prejudice that is likely
to be caused to the accused. The perception of prejudice is
for the accused to develop and if the same is founded on a
reasonable basis it is the duty of the Court as well as the
32
Page 33
prosecution to ensure that the accused should not be made
to labour under any such perception and the same must be
put to rest at the earliest. Such a view, according to us, is
an inalienable attribute of the process of a fair trial that
Article 21 guarantees to every accused.
17. The issue that has emerged before us is, therefore,
somewhat larger than what has been projected by the State
and what has been dealt with by the High Court. The
question arising would no longer be one of compliance or
non-compliance with the provisions of Section 207 Cr.P.C.
and would travel beyond the confines of the strict language
of the provisions of the Cr.P.C. and touch upon the larger
doctrine of a free and fair trial that has been painstakingly
built up by the courts on a purposive interpretation of
Article 21 of the Constitution. It is not the stage of making
of the request; the efflux of time that has occurred or the
prior conduct of the accused that is material. What is of
significance is if in a given situation the accused comes to
the court contending that some papers forwarded to the
Court by the investigating agency have not been exhibited
33
Page 34
by the prosecution as the same favours the accused the
court must concede a right to in the accused to have an
access to the said documents, if so claimed. This,
according to us, is the core issue in the case which must be
answered affirmatively. In this regard, we would like to be
specific in saying that we find it difficult to agree with the
view taken by the High Court that the accused must be
made to await the conclusion of the trial to test the plea of
prejudice that he may have raised. Such a plea must be
answered at the earliest and certainly before the conclusion
of the trial, even though it may be raised by the accused
belately. This is how the scales of justice in our Criminal
Jurisprudence have to be balanced.
18. There is yet another possible dimension of the case. It
is the specific contention of the accused in both the
applications dated 29.3.2012 (for certified copies of the
unmarked documents) and 18.4.2012 (for inspection) that it
is in the course of the examination of the accused under
Section 313 Cr.P.C. that a perception had developed that
the accused may be giving incomplete/ incorrect answers in
34
Page 35
response to the questions put to her by the Court and that
she needs copies of the documents or at least an
opportunity of inspection of the same to enable her to
provide effective answers and to appropriately prepare her
defence.
19. Any debate or discussion with regard to the purport
and object of the examination of an accused under Section
313 Cr.P.C. is wholly unnecessary as the law in this regard
is fairly well settled by a long line of the decisions of this
Court. The examination of an accused under Section 313
Cr.P.C. not only provides the accused an opportunity to
explain the incriminating circumstances appearing against
him in the prosecution evidence but such examination also
permits him to put forward his own version, if he so
chooses, with regard to his involvement or otherwise in the
crime alleged against him. Viewed from the latter point of
view, the examination of an accused under Section 313
Cr.P.C. does have a fair nexus with the defence that he may
choose to bring, if the need arises. Any failure on the part
of the accused to put forward his version of the case in his
35
Page 36
examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C. may have the effect
of curtailing his rights in the event the accused chooses to
take up a specific defence and examine defence witnesses.
Besides, the answers given by the accused in his
examination, if incorrect or incomplete, may also
jeopardise him as such incorrect or incomplete answers
may have the effect of strengthening the prosecution case
against the accused. In this connection it may be
appropriate to refer to two paragraphs of the judgment of
this Court in Manu Sao Vs. State of Bihar5 which are
extracted below:-
“13. As already noticed, the object of recording the statement of the accused under Section 313 of the Code is to put all incriminating evidence against the accused so as to provide him an opportunity to explain such incriminating circumstances appearing against him in the evidence of the prosecution. At the same time, also to permit him to put forward his own version or reasons, if he so chooses, in relation to his involvement or otherwise in the crime. The court has been empowered to examine the accused but only after the prosecution evidence has been concluded. It is a mandatory obligation upon the court and besides
5 2010 (12) SCC 3100
36
Page 37
ensuring the compliance therewith the court has to keep in mind that the accused gets a fair chance to explain his conduct. The option lies with the accused to maintain silence coupled with simpliciter denial or in the alternative to explain his version and reasons for his alleged involvement in the commission of crime. This is the statement which the accused makes without fear or right of the other party to cross-examine him. However, if the statements made are false, the court is entitled to draw adverse inferences and pass consequential orders, as may be called for, in accordance with law. The primary purpose is to establish a direct dialogue between the court and the accused and to put to the accused every important incriminating piece of evidence and grant him an opportunity to answer and explain. Once such a statement is recorded, the next question that has to be considered by the court is to what extent and consequences such statement can be used during the enquiry and the trial. Over the period of time, the courts have explained this concept and now it has attained, more or less, certainty in the field of criminal jurisprudence.
14. The statement of the accused can be used to test the veracity of the exculpatory nature of the admission, if any, made by the accused. It can be taken into consideration in any enquiry or trial but still it is not strictly evidence in the case. The provisions of Section 313(4) explicitly provides that the answers given
37
Page 38
by the accused may be taken into consideration in such enquiry or trial and put in evidence against the accused in any other enquiry or trial for any other offence for which such answers may tend to show he has committed. In other words, the use is permissible as per the provisions of the Code but has its own limitations. The courts may rely on a portion of the statement of the accused and find him guilty in consideration of the other evidence against him led by the prosecution, however, such statements made under this section should not be considered in isolation but in conjunction with evidence adduced by the prosecution.”
20. If the above is the avowed purport and object of the
examination of an accused under Section 313 Cr.P.C., we do
not see as to how the appellant (second accused) can be
denied an access to the documents in respect of which
prayers have been made in the applications dated 29.3.2012
(for certified copies of the unmarked documents) and dated
18.4.2012 (for inspection) before the learned trial Court.
While the anxiety to bring the trial to its earliest conclusion
has to be shared it is fundamental that in the process none
of the well entrenched principles of law that have been
laboriously built by illuminating judicial precedents is
38
Page 39
sacrificed or compromised. In no circumstance, the cause
of justice can be made to suffer, though, undoubtedly, it is
highly desirable that the finality of any trial is achieved in
the quickest possible time. In view of what has been stated
above and to balance the need to bring the prosecution in
the present case to its earliest conclusion and at the same
time to protect and preserve the right of the accused to a
fair trial we are of the view that the following directions
would take care of the conflicting interests that have
surfaced in the present case:-
(1)The accused No.2, i.e. the appellant herein, be
allowed an inspection of the unmarked and
unexhibited documents referred to by her in the
application dated 29.3.2012, i.e., IA No. 711 of 2012
in CC No. 2008/2004 filed in the Court of XXXVI
Additional City Civil & Sessions Judge, Bangalore;
(2) Such inspection will be completed within a period
of 21 days from the date of receipt of this order by
the learned trial court. The venue of such inspection
39
Page 40
and also the persons who will be permitted to be
present at the time of inspection will be decided by
the learned trial court.
(3) The right of inspection conferred by this order
will not affect the validity of any part of the trial till
date, including, the examination of the accused No.1
under Section 313 Cr.P.C. which has since been
completed or any part of such examination of the
second accused that may have been completed in the
meantime.
(4) In the event the third and the fourth accused also
desire inspection of the unmarked and unexhibited
documents such inspection will be allowed by the
learned trial court. In such an event the process of
inspection will also be simultaneously carried out and
completed within the period of 21 days stipulated in
the present order.
40
Page 41
21. In the result, both the appeals shall stand disposed of
in terms of the directions as above.
...…………………………J. [P. SATHASIVAM]
.........……………………J. [RANJAN GOGOI]
New Delhi, September 27, 2012.
41