S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 1 of 101  

REPORTABLE  

 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA  

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION  

SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CIVIL) NO. 32138 OF 2015  

The Goa Foundation       …Petitioner  

Versus  

M/s Sesa Sterlite Ltd. & Ors.              …Respondents  

WITH  

SLP (C) NOS. 32699-32727 OF 2015, WRIT  

PETITION (C) NO. 711 OF 2015 AND WRIT  

PETITION (C) NO. 720 OF 2015  

J U D G M E N T  

Madan B. Lokur, J  

1. Rapacious and rampant exploitation of our natural resources is the  

hallmark of our iron ore mining sector - coupled with a total lack of concern  

for the environment and the health and well-being of the denizens in the  

vicinity of the mines.  The sole motive of mining lease holders seems to be  

to make profits (no matter how) and the attitude seems to be that if the rule  

of law is required to be put on the backburner, so be it. Unfortunately, the

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State is unable to firmly stop violations of the law and other illegalities,  

perhaps with a view to maximize revenue, but without appreciating the long  

term impact of this indifference. Another excuse generally put forth by the  

State is that of development, conveniently forgetting that development must  

be sustainable and equitable development and not otherwise.  

2. Effective implementation and in some instances circumvention of the  

mining and environment related laws is a tragedy in itself. Laxity and sheer  

apathy to the rule of law gives mining lease holders a field day, being the  

primary beneficiaries, with the State being left with some crumbs in the form  

of royalty. For the State to generate adequate revenue through the mining  

sector and yet have sustainable and equitable development, the  

implementation machinery needs a tremendous amount of strengthening  

while the law enforcement machinery needs strict vigilance. Unless the two  

marry, we will continue to be mute witnesses to the plunder of our natural  

resources and left wondering how to retrieve an irretrievable situation.  

3. The Government of India appears to have received information of  

large-scale illegal mining of iron ore and manganese ore in different States  

in contravention of the provisions of the Mines and Minerals (Development  

and Regulation) Act, 1957 (the MMDR Act), the Forest (Conservation) Act,  

1980, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and other rules and guidelines

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issued on the subject from time to time.  

4. Acting on this information, the Government of India appointed Justice  

M.B. Shah a former judge of this Court as a commission of inquiry under  

Section 3 of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1952 by a notification dated  

22 nd

November, 2010. The terms of reference of the Commission for the  

State of Goa were as follows:  

2. The terms of reference of the Commission shall be -  

(i) to inquire into and determine the nature and extent of  

mining and trade and transportation, done illegally or without  

lawful authority, of iron ore and manganese ore, and the losses  

therefrom; and to identify, as far as possible, the persons, firms,  

companies and others that are engaged in such mining, trade and  

transportation of iron ore and manganese ore, done illegally or  

without lawful authority;  

(ii) to inquire into and determine the extent to which the  

management, regulatory and monitoring systems have failed to  

deter, prevent, detect and punish offences relating to mining,  

storage, transportation, trade and export of such ore, done  

illegally or without lawful authority, and the persons responsible  

for the same;  

(iii) to inquire into the tampering of official records, including  

records relating to land and boundaries, to facilitate illegal  

mining and identify, as far as possible, the persons responsible  

for such tampering; and  

(iv) to inquire into the overall impact of such mining, trade,  

transportation and export, done illegally or without lawful  

authority, in terms of destruction of forest wealth, damage to the  

environment, prejudice to the livelihood and other rights of tribal  

people, forest dwellers and other persons in the mined areas, and  

the financial losses caused to the Central and State Governments.  

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3. The Commission shall also recommend remedial measures to  

prevent such mining, trade, transportation and export done illegally  

or without lawful authority.”  

5. Justice Shah visited Goa and after calling for and receiving  

information from the concerned authorities as well as the mining lease  

holders, he submitted a report on 15 th

March, 2012 and another on 25 th

April,  

2012 to the Ministry of Mines in the Government of India. The reports were  

tabled in Parliament on 7 th  September, 2012 along with an Action Taken  

Report and as a result, the Government of Goa passed an order dated 10 th   

September, 2012 suspending all mining operations in the State with effect  

from 11 th

September, 2012. The Ministry of Environment and Forests  

(MoEF) of the Government of India acted similarly and kept in abeyance the  

environmental clearances granted to 139 mines (actually 137 mines – there  

is some duplication) in the State of Goa by an order dated 14 th  September,  

2012.  

6. Subsequent to the reports given by Justice Shah, a writ petition was  

filed by Goa Foundation in this Court being WP (C) No. 435 of 2012. The  

writ petition was a public interest litigation praying, inter alia, for directions  

to the Union of India and the State of Goa to take steps to terminate the  

mining leases where mining was carried out in violation of various statutes.

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7. Similarly, several mining lease holders preferred writ petitions in the  

Bombay High Court for a declaration that the reports given by Justice Shah  

are illegal and also for quashing the orders dated 10 th

September, 2012 and  

14 th  September, 2012 whereby mining operations were suspended and  

environmental clearances were kept in abeyance. The writ petitions filed in  

the High Court were transferred to this Court for hearing along with WP (C)  

No. 435 of 2012.  

8. This Court heard all these matters and rendered its decision in Goa  

Foundation v. Union of India on 21 st  April 2014.

1  Among other  

conclusions arrived at, it was held by the Court that all the iron ore and  

manganese ore leases had expired on 22 nd

November, 2007. Consequently,  

any mining operation carried out by the mining lease holders after that date  

was illegal. It was also held that all the mining lease holders had enjoyed a  

first deemed renewal of the mining lease and for a second renewal an  

express order was required to be passed in view of and in terms of Section  

8(3) of the MMDR Act. For a second renewal of the mining lease, it was  

held that the State Government must apply its mind and record reasons for  

renewal being in the interest of mineral development and the necessity to  

                                                           1  (2014) 6 SCC 590                                                          

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renew the mining lease. Any decision taken by the State Government should  

also be in conformity with the constitutional provisions. The decision taken  

by the State of Goa to grant a mining lease in a particular manner or to a  

particular party could be examined by way of judicial review. It was also  

held that the orders dated 10 th

September, 2012 and 14 th

September, 2012 are  

not liable to be quashed and that they would continue till decisions are taken  

to grant fresh leases and fresh environmental clearances for mining projects.  

Goa Mineral Policy 2013  

9. During the pendency of the proceedings before the Court, the State of  

Goa  announced the draft Goa Mineral Policy on 21 st  August, 2012. After  

suggestions etc. were received, the Mineral Policy was finalized and  

gazetted on 28 th  September, 2013.  

10. A few salient features of the Mineral Policy may be mentioned. It is  

stated in the Preamble to the Mineral Policy: “The Goan economy is heavily  

dependent on the iron ore industry insofar as the major share of the regional  

income from the mineral industry and its allied activities like transport and  

trade is concerned.”  

“However, during the period from 2006-07 to 2011-12, due to huge  

spurt in demand of low grade ore in international market followed by  

illegalities and irregularities in the previous regulatory regime, the  

State has witnessed the peak of chaotic and unregulated mining  

without any concern for fragile ecology and environment of the State

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or for the general well being of an average Goan. It has resulted in  

massive export of unaccounted ore from unidentified sources like  

dumps and tailings. The reckless exploitation without any concern  

for sustainability that the State has witnessed in last five years has  

serious implications. Minerals are a finite and non-renewable natural  

resource and must be exploited wisely in the larger interest of the  

State.  

It is high time that the new Government that has received an  

unprecedented mandate from the people of Goa should take note that  

dependence on mining presents extreme externalities and the State  

has to tread cautiously promoting a sustainable extraction  

regime to facilitate systematic, scientific and planned utilization  

of mineral resources and to streamline mineral based development  

of the State, keeping in view, protection of environment, health and  

safety of the people in and around the mining areas rather than race  

to bottom.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

11. Notwithstanding this serious indictment of the pre-existing „policy‟  

for mining natural resources in Goa, the Mineral Policy did not address itself  

to the allocation or distribution of the natural resources in any of its 20  

paragraphs and many sub-paragraphs. The topics dealt with in the Mineral  

Policy include objectives and parameters, sustainable mining and mineral  

conservation, mineral administration, regulation of mines and minerals,  

pollution and its social impact, and policy highlights. Some of the other  

topics dealt with in the Mineral Policy include capping, based on carrying  

capacity of public roads and to protect inter-generational equity, mines  

safety and rehabilitation of affected people, stakeholder participation  

(including corporate social responsibility), welfare and social responsibilities

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and establishment of the Goa Minerals Development Fund etc.  

12. However, what is of some significance is that paragraphs 1.4.4 and  

1.4.5 of the Mineral Policy state that Goan iron ore is low grade, that is  

having low iron (or Fe) content and that its extraction provides no or  

minimal domestic value addition. Almost all the iron ore extracted in Goa is  

exported and we were informed that only one mining lease holder captively  

consumes Goan extracted iron ore. Paragraphs 1.4.4 and 1.4.5 of the Mineral  

Policy read as follows:  

“1.4.4 No Domestic Value Addition: The nature of Goan iron ore is  

such that value addition opportunities in the domestic market are  

minimal.  The Chinese and Japanese use Goan iron ore for blending  

purposes to bring down the average cost of iron ore, whereas Indian  

steel producers have a wide range of high grade fines to choose  

from. Despite the closure of mining operations in the  

neighbouring State of Karnataka, Goan iron ore is not used in  

Indian Steel Industry due to its low Fe content.    

1.4.5. Low Grade v/s High Grade: Goan iron ore has always been of  

low grade Fe content in comparison with that of Odisha, Jharkhand  

and Karnataka. The low grade of ore has been competitive in  

global markets, because of the non reliance on railways and  

close distances of mines to ports thereby reducing the overall  

cost.  The high silica presence in Goan ore also is a favourable factor  

for preference for Goan ore over Australian and Brazilian low grade  

ore.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

13. It appears from the above that the extraction of iron ore in Goa is  

geared only towards export and not for domestic purposes because of the  

low Fe content and high silica presence.

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Vishwanath Anand Expert Appraisal Committee  

14. During the pendency of the writ petition in the Court, the MoEF  

constituted  an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on 21 st  March, 2013  

with Shri Vishwanath Anand, former Secretary in the MoEF as the  

Chairman to specifically look into issues related to illegal mining in the  

State of Goa. The terms of reference of the EAC were as follows:  

(a) To examine the information/documents submitted by each of  the 139 project proponents in response to aforesaid direction dated  

14 th

September, 2012 under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for  

keeping environment clearance in abeyance and making case-by-

case recommendations to the MoEF; 2   

(b) To evaluate status of compliance with respect to conditions  stipulated as part of environment clearance;  

(c) xxx xxx xxx     

(d) To examine the observations relating to MoEF in Justice Shah  

Commission report on illegal mining of iron and manganese ore in  

the State of Goa and make appropriate recommendations.  

15. The EAC gave its report sometime in October 2013 with regard to 137  

mining leases. Very briefly, the EAC found many of the mining lease  

holders had: (i) No approval from the National Board of Wildlife; or (ii)  

Indulged in excess mining; or (iii) Indulged in dump mining; or (iv)  

Intersected groundwater level; or (v) No clearance from the Central Ground  

                                                           2  Actually 137 project proponents – there is some duplication

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Water Board to draw ground water;  or (vi) No forest clearance. We may  

also note that the EAC also recommended the revocation of environmental  

clearance granted to several mining lease holders for a variety of reasons.  

16. The Mineral Policy and the report of the EAC were perhaps placed  

before the Court in the writ petition filed by Goa Foundation and the  

transferred cases, but not dealt with, except for a brief mention of the  

Mineral Policy.   

17. All the cases before the Court were heard quite extensively in  

September, October and November 2013. Judgment was reserved on 11 th   

November, 2013 and pronounced on 21 st  April, 2014. Some of the  

conclusions arrived at by the Court relevant for our discussions have already  

been mentioned above.   

18. At this stage, it may be mentioned that on 11 th

November, 2013 read  

with an order dated 18 th  November, 2013

3  this Court constituted an Expert  

Committee “to conduct a macro EIA study on what should be the ceiling of  

annual excavation of iron ore from the State of Goa considering its iron ore  

resources and its carrying capacity keeping in mind the principles of  

sustainable development and intergenerational equity and all other relevant  

factors.” The members of the Expert Committee were:  

                                                           3  Goa Foundation v. Union of India, (2014) 6 SCC 738 and Goa Foundation v. Union of India, WP (C) No. 435 of 2012

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 11 of 101  

1. Dr. C.R. Babu (Ecologist)  

2. Dr S.C. Dhiman (Geologist/Hydrogeologist)  

3. Prof. B.K. Mishra (Mineralogist)  

4. Prof. S. Parameswarappa (Forestry)  

5. Shri Parimal Rai (nominee of the Ministry of Environment and  Forests, Government of India).  

19. The Expert Committee submitted an Interim Report dated 14 th  March,  

2014 to the Court after considering reports prepared by the Tata Energy  

Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi (1997); TERI and International  

Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada (2006); MoEF (2014);  

research papers prepared by the Goa University and the National Institute of  

Oceanography; Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),  

Dhanbad (2013); Pollution Control Board, Goa (Annual Report) and other  

literature. It noted large-scale degradation of the environment in Goa due to  

mining operations. A Final Report was also submitted by the Expert  

Committee to the Court on or about 12 th  April, 2015 - it was obviously not  

available to the Court.    

Other proceedings in the High Court  

20. Quite independent of the cases pending in this Court, writ petitions  

were filed by several mining lease holders in the Bombay High Court  

praying either for consideration of their application for a second renewal of

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the mining lease or for the grant of a mining lease on second renewal. The  

High Court heard those writ petitions and delivered its judgment on 13 th   

August, 2014. 4   In the course of its judgment, the High Court referred to the  

Mineral Policy and observed:  

“The State Government also framed Goa Mineral Policy, 2013,  

which was duly gazetted on 28 th

September, 2013 and was placed on  

record before the Supreme Court in Writ Petition (C) 435/2012.  The  

State Government, in terms of this policy, in principle, agreed to  

renew 28 leases.  These leaseholders were also asked to pay stamp  

duty.  In some cases, after payment of the stamp duty, decision under  

Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act was taken to renew the leases and  

that decision is also gazetted.  Thus, the petitions are classified in  

three categories mentioned hereinbelow:  

(A) Where there is notification issued in the Official Gazette after  taking a decision for renewal;  

(B)  Where there is a decision for renewal and there is stamp duty  collected; and   

(C)  Where there are renewal applications made and are still pending.    

All the petitioners initially sought directions to the State Government  

to decide their applications for renewal filed in the year 2007.   

However, the petitions which fell in the first two categories were  

subsequently amended and directions were sought against the  

Government to execute second renewal lease deeds.”  

21. In its decision, the High Court held: (i) The decision of this Court [in  

Goa Foundation] is not an impediment on the State of Goa in considering  

the applications filed by the petitioners before the High Court for a second  

renewal of the mining lease. On the contrary, the decision casts an obligation  

                                                           4  Lithoferro v. State of Goa, MANU/MH/1292/2014 = 2014 SCC OnLIne Bom 997

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on the Government of Goa to consider all the applications for renewal under  

Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act; (ii) Consideration of the applications should  

be in accordance with the Mineral Policy, the provisions of the MMDR Act  

and the Rules made thereunder and in accordance with constitutional  

provisions; (iii) The expression „fresh leases‟ occurring in paragraph 67 (82)  

of the decision of this Court [in Goa Foundation] is an affirmation of the  

law that the renewal of a lease is also a fresh grant. For arriving at this  

conclusion, the High Court placed reliance on State of M.P.  v. Krishnadas  

Tikaram. 5     

The High Court finally held:  

“In the case in hand, admittedly, all the petitioners have made  applications for second renewal within the time limit i.e. before  

expiry of the term of first renewal of the mining leases. The mining  

plans for the second renewal, thereafter, came to be approved by the  

IBM. The IBM also recorded its subjective satisfaction that the same  

is in the interest of mineral development. Thus, there is enough  

material on record to show that the Government agreed to grant the  

second renewal of mining leases under Section 8(3) of the MMDR  

Act and thereafter amended the Stamp Act and directed some of the  

petitioners to pay the stamp duty and even accepted the same. Thus,  

the Government gave promise that the mining leases would be  

executed under Section 8(3) and pursuant to the promise, the  

petitioners altered their position by depositing the huge stamp duty.  

Therefore, it is now not open for the Government to resile from the  

promise as it is estopped by the doctrine of promissory estoppel from  

doing so. The petitioners legitimately expected that after payment of  

the stamp duty, the Government would execute the second leases  

under Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act. In our considered opinion, the  

                                                           5  1995 Supp (1) SCC 587

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principle of promissory estoppel is squarely applicable to the facts of  

the present case. The Government is reluctant to execute the lease  

deeds under Section 8(3) only on the ground that it is not open for it  

to do so in the light of the Apex Court judgment in Writ Petition (C)  

No. 435/2012. We have already held that the Supreme Court  

judgment in Writ Petition (C) No. 435/2012 is not an impediment in  

the Government‟s way in executing the leases in terms of Section  

8(3) of the MMDR Act.”    

22. In view of the above conclusions, the High Court passed the following  

orders:  

“(I) The Respondent-State of Goa is directed to execute the lease  

deeds under Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act in favour of the  

petitioners/lease holders who/which have already paid the stamp  

duty pursuant to the orders of the Government, in accordance with  

the Goa Mineral Policy, 2013 placed before the Supreme Court in  

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 435/2012 and subject to the conditions laid  

down by the Apex Court in the said Writ Petition.  

(II) So far as the petitioners/lease holders who/which have not paid  

the stamp duty are concerned, the Respondent-State of Goa is  

directed to decide their renewal applications under Section 8(3), as  

expeditiously as possible, and preferably within a period of three  

months from the date of receipt of copy of this order.”  

23. Two petitions for special leave have been filed directed against the  

judgment and order passed by the High Court on 13 th

August, 2014 being  

SLP (C) No. 32138 of 2015 and SLP (C) Nos. 32699-32727 of 2015 and  

these are also before us.    

Goa Grant of Mining Leases Policy 2014  

24. Keeping in mind the orders and directions passed by this Court and  

the High Court, the State of Goa formulated the Goa Grant of Mining Leases

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Policy 2014. We were informed by the learned Additional Solicitor General  

that the Grant of Mining Leases Policy was approved by the Council of  

Ministers of the Goa State Cabinet on 1 st  October, 2014. It was issued on 4

th   

November, 2014 and placed on the website of the Directorate of Mines and  

Geology of the Government of Goa on the same day. However, it was  

gazetted on 20 th  January, 2015 with two paragraphs deleted from the  

document issued on 4 th

November, 2014. The two deleted paragraphs are  

indicated below.  

25. The Grant of Mining Leases Policy makes for some very important  

and interesting reading and includes an impassioned plea for rejecting the  

process of competitive bidding of mining leases for the time being. It also  

contains the statement made by the Chief Minister on the floor of the Goa  

State Legislative Assembly. While the Grant of Mining Leases Policy is a  

large document, it is necessary to read relevant extracts from it since it  

indicates the factors that went into taking the policy decision and also to  

appreciate if there was any violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. The  

relevant extracts read as under:  

Background.–– In accordance with the Directions contained in the  

judgment and order of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court dated 21 st  April,  

2014 in Writ Petition (Civil) No.435 of 2012, the Hon‟ble Supreme  

Court has declared that all the Mining Leases in the State of Goa  

have expired on 22 nd

November, 2007.….

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It has further been directed by the Hon‟ble Supreme Court that it is  

for the State Government to decide as a matter of Policy, in what  

manner Mining Leases are to be granted in the future…..  

The Hon‟ble Supreme Court has in its Judgment and Order dated  

21 st  April, 2014 clearly held that the action of allowing the mines to  

be run on Deemed Extension Basis from the years 2007 to 2012 was  

completely illegal and has further declared that the so-called deemed  

mining leases in the State of Goa have expired in the year 2007…..  

Few things emerge out of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court‟s Order.  In  

the first place, the mining leases have been held to have expired in  

the year 2007.  In the second place, the State Government has  

been directed, in accordance with its policy to grant fresh leases  

in the State.  

With these, the options available with the State Government are as  

follows:–  

The State Government can directly auction the leases in order  

to secure the best returns for the grant of leases by way of a  

competitive bidding process,  

(a) The State Government can also form a State Corporation and  undertake the mining activities through the State Mineral  

Development Corporation.  

(b) The State Government could also proceed to grant fresh leases,  in terms of the MMRD Act by the following the process of  

preferential grant of leases to certain persons as specified in the  

MMRD Act.  

(c) Yet another option available to the State Government was to  

decide the renewal applications which were pending since the  

year 2006 and which had remained without any disposal.  

Each of the aforesaid modes has its own merits and de-merits….  

While the State Government was in the process of deliberating on all  

these issues at various levels, the judgment and order of the Hon‟ble  

High Court in Writ Petition filed by certain lease holders came to be

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delivered on 13 th

August, 2014 whereby the Hon‟ble High Court has  

directed the execution of the Lease Deeds under Section 8(3) of the  

MMRD Act in favour of the lease holders who have already paid the  

stamp duty pursuant to Orders of the State Government in  

accordance with the Goa Mineral Policy, 2013, placed before the  

Hon‟ble Supreme Court and subject to the conditions…..  

This judgment and order of the Hon’ble High Court virtually  

leaves no choice to the State Government, thereby to completely  

abandon the process of competitive bedding [bidding] for  

earning the best revenue to the State Government. While this  

was the position taken by the State Government in the Goa  

Mineral Policy, 2013, and the Hon‟ble High Court has interpreted  

the Order of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court in Writ Petition (Civil)  

No.435/2012, the State Government in view of Hon’ble High  

Court order, has for the present ruled out the process of going  

for competitive bidding. The State Government is considering  

actively, within its Constitutional powers and functions, to come out  

with regulatory and controlling measures and levy and collect  

appropriate returns having regard to the fact that the soil comprising  

the land belongs to the State…. The State Government has also  

commenced the inquiry and investigation into the violations of  

matters under Rule 37 and 38 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960  

as directed by the Hon‟ble Supreme Court….  

As is seen from the aforesaid, the Judgment and order of the Hon‟ble  

High Court is an intervening circumstance inasmuch as it directs the  

execution of Lease Deeds in 28 cases and consideration of the  

Application under Section 8(3) by the State Government in the other  

cases….  

In the considered Opinion of the State Government, it would be  

futile to challenge the Judgment of the Hon‟ble High Court before  

the Hon‟ble Apex Court as that would once again delay the  

commencement of the Mining Operations. As a matter of fact, a  

substantial portion of the State‟s Revenue comes from the Mining  

Sector. The State has been virtually starved of funds for undertaking  

many activities including Infra-structural Projects; and on account of  

the stopping of the Mining Operation, the State had to walk a tight-

rope as there has been no Revenue coming from one of the major  

source of Revenue….  

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Having regard to the aforesaid, the State Government thought it  

proper to act in accordance with the Directions of the Hon‟ble  

Supreme Court by balancing the equities, needs; as also to sub-serve  

the Public Interest and by having sustainable development by  

protecting the Ecological and all other factors.  

Policy Framework.–– The State Government has been considering  

and deliberating the entire matter, and thought it proper having  

regard to the facts that:  

(a) The Mining Lease Holders had applied for the Second Renewal  

well within time.  

(b) The fact that the Applications of the Mining lease holders for the  

Second Renewal were not disposed off by the then State  

Government and for which the Lease Holders cannot be blamed.  

(c) Having further regard to the fact that 27 mining Lease Holders  

despite the closure of the mining operations, when called by the  

State to do so within the period, have paid the Stamp Duty; as also,  

other levies.  

(d) Such payments helped the State Government to override the  

financial crisis at that point of time.  

(e) Having regard to the fact that a large number of labour staff  

employed with these lease holders.  

(f) That concerned Mining Lease Holders have invested heavily into  

the development of Mines; as also, into the Machinery such as  

Ripper Dozers, Cranes, wheel loader, Beneficiation plants etc.  

(g) Other methods are not as suitable as this method for various  

reasons listed [in] Hon‟ble Chief Minister statement to the House  

listed above.  

The State Government after having considered the matter from every  

possible angle, has decided to exercise its Power under Section 8(3)  

of the Mines and Mineral Regulations and Development Act, 1957,  

and to consider each of the cases on their own merits and subject  

to compliance with the Conditions which may be laid down by the  

State Government including for strict Pollution Control measures,  

and thereafter take a decision on the renewal in terms of Section 8(3)  

of the MMRD Act, 1957, complying fully with the Procedure laid  

down therein.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 19 of 101  

Though the State Government has in principle decided to follow the  

route of the renewal of Lease under Section 8(3) of the MMRD Act,  

it shall be subject to the following:-   

Unless and until the Inquiry initiated pursuant to the Judgment  

and Order of the Honourable Supreme Court of India against those  

Mine Lease Holders found to be violating either Rule 37 or Rule 38  

of the Mineral Concession Rules 1960, or otherwise indicted in the  

Report of the Justice Shah Commission/PAC report or found to be  

engaged in, any kind of illegality of whatsoever nature such as  

illegal Sale of Ore, Sale of Royalty Challan without Ore,  

Encroachment of adjoining areas outside the lease over production in  

excess of the limit specified in the Environmental Clearance; those  

which have undertaken unscientific mining operations; those who  

have violated or have not paid the Royalty amount; those who have  

re-used old Royalty Challans for defrauding; and those involved in  

Illegal Mining Activities shall not be considered for renewal of  

the Mining Leases.   

For this purpose, presently the inquiries are in progress at various  

levels and foras including the investigation by the SIT Team, by the  

Team of Chartered Accountants which have been set up by the State  

Government and after the Inquiry is complete or during the course of  

the inquiry where it is found that any violations have taken place,  

such persons shall not be considered for Grant/Renewal of the  

Leases…..  

Those Mining Lease Holders who have paid Stamp Duty, in  

which there are no violations found in terms of Mr. Justice Shah  

Inquiry/Public Accounts Committee Report, shall be considered  

for Renewal. [Deleted from the gazetted Policy].  

The formation of the entire Policy is aimed that it is required to  

balance various interests having regard to the Principle of  

Sustainable Development; but by keeping in mind the commercial  

interest of the present state of economy, the interest of the labour  

class, the interest of the working class including other staff, the  

interest of the market in the Mining Localities, the interest of the  

Public Sector, the interest of the existing Mining Lease Holders and  

the overall welfare needs of the State; and require all urgent

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 20 of 101  

infrastructural development. By balancing all these interests the  

present Policy has been formulated by the State Government.”   

The above policy is in principle decision of the State  

Government and will be vetted for exact legal requirements  

from specific necessities as also from financial view points and  

notified thereafter.” 6  [Deleted from the gazetted Policy]. [Emphasis  

supplied by us].  

26. Around this time, and pursuant to the Budget Speech given by the  

Hon‟ble Minister of Finance of the Government of India on 10 th  July, 2014 it  

appears that steps were being taken by the concerned Ministry in the  

Government of India to amend the MMDR Act. 7  In fact a draft Mines and  

Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2014 was prepared on or about  

16 th  November, 2014 and uploaded on the website of the Ministry of Mines  

on 17 th

November, 2014. This information was placed before us from the  

response given by the Hon‟ble Minister of Mines to Unstarred Question No.  

2485 to be answered in the Lok Sabha on 8 th  December, 2014. The question  

was:  

(a) whether the Government proposes to formulate a new policy on  

grant of mining leases for various minerals by amending the Mines  

and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957;   

(b) if so, the details thereof along with the time by which the new  

policy is likely to be implemented;   

                                                           6  http://www.goadmg.gov.in/Uploads/288.pdf   

7  122. “It is my Government’s intention to encourage investment in mining sector and promote sustainable mining  

practices to adequately meet the requirements of industry without sacrificing environmental concerns. The  current impasse in mining sector, including, iron ore mining, will be resolved expeditiously. Changes, if necessary,  in the MMDR Act, 1957 would be introduced to facilitate this.” *Emphasis supplied by us+.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 21 of 101  

And the answer was:  

 (a) & (b): Yes Madam. The Ministry has drafted the Mines and  

Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) (Amendment)  

Bill, 2014, which has been uploaded on the website of the Ministry  

on 17.11.2014, calling for comments/suggestions on the draft Bill.  

The last date for receipt of the comments/suggestions is 10th  

December 2014. Based on the comments/suggestions received the  

draft Bill will be finalized and taken forward for introduction in the  

Parliament.   

 The Bill is designed to put in place mechanisms for: (i) Improved  

transparency in the allocation of mineral resources; (ii) Obtaining for  

the government its fair share of the value of such resources; (iii)  

Attracting private investment and the latest technology; and (iv)  

Eliminating delay in administration, so as to enable expeditious and  

optimum development of the mineral resources of the country.  

27. What was the nature of the proposed amendments? As far as we are  

concerned, the introduction of Section 10B in the MMDR Act (relating to  

competitive bidding) is significant and this reads:  

“Mining leases for notified minerals  

10B. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act,  

but subject to the provisions of Section 10A and Section 17A, the  

procedure for obtaining a mining lease for notified minerals in  

respect of land in which the minerals vest in the Government shall  

be as laid down in this Section.  

(2) and (3) xxx   

(4) For the purpose of granting a mining lease in respect of any  

notified mineral in such notified area, the State Government shall  

select, through auction by a method of competitive bidding,  

including e-auction, an applicant who satisfies the eligibility  

conditions.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 22 of 101  

(5) The Central Government shall prescribe the terms and  

conditions, and procedure, subject to which the auction will be  

conducted, including the bidding parameters for the selection, which  

could include a share in the production of the mineral, or any  

payment linked to the royalty payable, or any other relevant  

parameter, or any combination or modification of them.  

(6) and (7) xxx”  

[Iron ore was proposed as a notified mineral in the draft statute].  

28. Immediately after 4 th  November, 2014 (the date on which the Grant of  

Mining Leases Policy was uploaded on the website of the Government of  

Goa) the State Government commenced granting a second renewal of the  

mining leases from 5 th

November, 2014 onwards and that process was  

completed on 12 th  January, 2015. The following table gives the dates of  

second renewal of 88 mining leases granted by the State Government on or  

before 12 th  January, 2015:  

Sr. No. Date of renewal order Number of renewal orders passed  

1. 5.11.2014 5  

2. 6.11.2014 5  

3. 7.11.2014 3  

4. 10.12.2014 3  

5. 24.12.2014 10  

6. 1.1.2015 3  

7. 2.1.2015 3  

8. 5.1.2015 2  

9. 6.1.2015 22  

10. 9.1.2015 1  

11. 12.1.2015 31  

TOTAL = 88  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 24 of 101  

31. The first order of 20 th  March, 2015 was in the form of a letter  

addressed to the Principal Secretary, Environment, Government of Goa and  

it recorded that MoEF had considered all the 139 cases in which the  

abeyance order has been passed and had taken into account the request of the  

State Government, the recommendation of the EAC and the directions of  

this Court.  It was noted that the EAC had observed that there were  

violations of the following nature: (i) No clearance from the National Board  

of Wildlife and non-compliance of orders of this Court on the subject; (ii)  

Excess production; (iii) Dump mining; (iv) Intersecting ground water table  

and drawal of ground water without permission of the Central Ground Water  

Board; (v) No forest clearance obtained where required; (vi) Encroachment  

and false information/concealment of fact. It was stated that the MoEF had  

decided to refer the cases to the appropriate authorities (including the State  

Government) for taking action on the violations. Accordingly, a request was  

made to examine the report of the EAC and take appropriate action against  

the concerned lessees.  

32. The second order passed on 20 th

March, 2015 was an Office  

Memorandum to the effect that if a project proponent has a valid and  

subsisting environmental clearance for a mining project under the  

Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 27 th

January, 1994 (EIA

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 25 of 101  

1994) or Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 14 th

September,  

2006 (EIA 2006), it will not be required to obtain a fresh environmental  

clearance at the time of renewal of the mining lease.  This was subject to the  

maximum period of validity of 30 years for the environmental clearance for  

a mining lease.  

33. The third order passed on 20 th

March, 2015 related to lifting the  

abeyance order dated 14 th  September, 2012 on the environmental clearance  

of the mining leases for iron ore and manganese ore. The cases of all 139  

mining leases in which the abeyance order was passed were considered and  

the abeyance order lifted in respect of 72 cases.  The details in this regard  

are given in the table below:  

Number Remarks Remaining    

Total mines = 139  

2 Inadvertent repetitions 137  

2 Already withdrawn 135  

12 Fully located in Protected Area (abeyance  

order cannot be lifted)  

123  

6 Partly located in Protected Area (abeyance  

order cannot be lifted)  

117  

23 Within 1 km. of Protected Area (awaiting  

modification of order dated 4.8.2006 passed  

by this Court)   

94  

22 Not having any Forest Clearance and will be  

considered only after clearance is obtained  

72  

35 Environmental Clearance already granted  

under EIA Notification of 27.1.1994 and no  

fresh clearance is required in view of Office  

Memorandum dated 20.3.2015.   

Abeyance order lifted.  

37

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 26 of 101  

37 Environmental Clearance already granted  

under EIA Notification of 14.9.2006.   

Abeyance order lifted.  

0  

Abeyance order lifted on 20 th

March, 2015 for 72 mines out of 139  

34. The third order of 20 th  March, 2015 also placed certain additional  

specific conditions while lifting the abeyance order.  These additional  

conditions were:  

1. State Government of Goa shall develop and implement a credible  mechanism to regularly monitor and ensure that capping of 20  

MTPA on the mining leases in the State of Goa is implemented  

as per the directions of Hon‟ble Supreme Court in its order dated  

21.04.2014 and any further order in the matter of Goa  

Foundation vs. Union of India in W.P. 435 of 2012.  

2. No Mining shall be allowed in the forest land for which FC  [forest clearance] is not available.  

3. The Mining of dumps is not permitted unless mentioned in  approved mine plan and Environmental Clearance letter.  

4. Dumping of material outside the mine lease is not permitted  unless mentioned in approved mine plan and Environmental  

Clearance letter.  

5. Prior permission be obtained from Central Ground Water Board  for drawl of ground water and intersection of ground water table  

as applicable.  

6. Violations will be dealt as per the existing law and lifting of  abeyance of EC will not in any manner affect that.  

7. If any violation is observed in future the environmental clearance  will be cancelled as per rules.  

8. State Government will take action in cases of violation under  Section 15/19 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as noted  

and recommended in EAC report.  

9. Project Proponent will file six monthly compliance to Regional  Officer, MoEFCC and State Pollution Control Board.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 27 of 101  

Questions for consideration   

35. Broadly speaking, on the basis of the submissions and documents  

placed before us, the questions raised by the Goa Foundation, the State of  

Goa, the Union of India and the mining lease holders are three-fold:  

(a) Relatable to the second renewal of the mining leases: (i) In view of  

the decision in Goa Foundation only fresh leases were to be granted by the  

State of Goa and not second renewals. (ii) For granting fresh leases, the State  

of Goa should have introduced competitive bidding or the auction process.  

(iii) Assuming the decision to grant a second renewal to the mining lease  

holders was valid, the second renewals were not in accordance with law and  

should be set aside.   

(b) Relatable to the grant of environmental clearances: In view of the  

decision in Goa Foundation fresh environmental clearances were required  

to be obtained by the mining lease holders.   

(c) The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court in  

Lithoferro on 13 th  August, 2014 was erroneous and deserves to be set aside.  

Whether fresh mining leases were required to be granted?   

36. The controversy in this regard has arisen in view of what is stated in  

paragraph 82 of the decision in Goa Foundation.  It was stated as follows:

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 28 of 101  

“As we have held that the deemed mining leases of the lessees in  

Goa expired on 22-11-1987 and the maximum period (20 years) of  

renewal of the deemed mining leases in Goa has also expired on 22-

11-2007, mining by the lessees in Goa after 22-11-2007 was illegal.  

Hence, the Order dated 10-9-2012 of the Government of Goa  

suspending mining operations in the State of Goa and the Order  

dated 14-9-2012 of MoEF, Government of India, suspending the  

environmental clearances granted to the mines in the State of Goa,  

which have been impugned in the writ petitions in the Bombay High  

Court, Goa Bench (transferred to this Court and registered as  

transferred cases) cannot be quashed by this Court. The Order  

dated 10.9.2012 of the Government of Goa and the Order dated  

14.9.2012 of the MoEF will have to continue till decisions are  

taken by the State Government to grant fresh leases and  

decisions are taken by MoEF to grant fresh environmental  

clearances for mining projects.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

37. The issue that arose for discussion before us was the meaning and  

intention of the Court in the context of grant of „fresh leases‟ for mining  

projects. Did the Court literally mean that a fresh mining lease was required  

to be granted or was a second renewal sufficient compliance?  

38. As the above quoted paragraph indicates, the Court was aware and  

conscious of the fact that the mining leases had expired on 22 nd

November,  

2007 and the mining operations thereafter carried out by the mining lease  

holders was illegal. For this reason, the Court held that the suspension order  

passed by the State of Goa on 10 th  September, 2012 and the abeyance order  

passed by the MoEF on 14 th  September, 2012 did not require any  

interference.  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 29 of 101  

39. Since the mining operations carried out after 22 nd

November, 2007  

were illegal, the Court, in subsequent paragraphs of the judgment noted (as a  

follow up) that an order was passed on 5 th  October, 2012 suspending  

transportation of iron ore and manganese ore from those leases identified by  

the Justice Shah Commission. 9   Thereafter on 11

th  November, 2013 it was  

directed that an inventory be made of the excavated mineral ores and the  

inventoried mineral ores be sold by e-auction under the supervision of a  

Monitoring Committee. 10

40. Further, it was held by the Court on 21 st  April, 2014 that from the e-

auction sale of the mineral ores, the mining lease holders would be entitled  

to the average cost (not the actual cost) of extraction, the workers would be  

entitled to 50% wages and allowances on the principle of laid-off  

compensation and the Marmagao Port Trust would be entitled to 50% of the  

storage charges.  Out of the balance amount, 10% would be appropriated to  

the Goan Iron Ore Permanent Fund for the purpose of sustainable  

development and intergenerational equity and the remaining amount would  

be appropriated by the State who is the owner of the mineral ores illegally  

excavated by the mining lease holders and sold by e-auction.    

                                                           9  Goa Foundation v. Union of India, WP (C) 435 of 2012 – order dated 5

th  October, 2012  

10  Goa Foundation v. Union of India, (2014) 6 SCC 738

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 30 of 101  

 With this in mind, the Court declared in paragraph 87.5 of the Report:  

“It is for the State Government to decide as a matter of policy in  

what manner mining leases are to be granted in future but the  

constitutionality or legality of the decision of the State Government  

can be examined by the Court in exercise of its power of judicial  

review.” [Emphasis supplied by us].    

 It was then directed by the Court in paragraph 88.4 of the Report as  

follows:  

“The State Government may grant mining leases of iron ore and  

other ores in Goa in accordance with its policy decision and in  

accordance with the MMDR Act and the Rules made thereunder in  

consonance with the constitutional provisions.” [Emphasis supplied  

by us].  

41. The Court was quite obviously aware that it was concerned, inter alia,  

with the second renewal of mining leases and yet it chose to recount the  

factual situation, make a declaration and pass a direction without adverting  

to the possibility of a second renewal of a mining lease. The Court was also  

conscious that the mining lease holders had carried out indiscriminate and  

illegal mining for about five years (from November 2007 to September  

2012) and had made profits out of the illegal mining. The Court, in our  

opinion, was rather charitable in not penalizing the mining lease holders for  

the illegal mining carried out by them.  But be that as it may, quite clearly,  

the sequence of events from September 2012 onwards, the appointment of a

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 31 of 101  

Monitoring Committee to dispose of the illegally mined ore, the declaration  

and direction unmistakably point to the intention of the Court to end the  

sordid chapter of illegal mining by the lease holders and start on a clean  

slate. Viewed in this perspective, we have no doubt that the Court really did  

intend the State of Goa to consider the grant of fresh leases in accordance  

with law.   

42.  In this context, the declaration of the Court in Goa Foundation in  

paragraph 87.5 of Report is also quite clear, namely, “It is for the State  

Government to decide as a matter of policy in what manner mining leases  

are to be granted in future….”   The declaration was explicit and related to  

the grant of mining leases and not a second renewal.    

43. Similarly, the direction given in paragraph 88.4 of the Report that  

“The State Government may grant mining leases of iron ore and other ores  

in Goa in accordance with its policy decision…..” was equally explicit and  

related to the grant of mining leases and not a second renewal.  

44. Subsequent events confirm our impression and view.  The decision of  

the Court to e-auction the mined mineral ore was sought to be recalled  

through I.A. No. 86 of 2014 filed by M/s Bandekar Brothers Private Ltd.  

The applicant prayed for a direction to restrain the authorities from e-

auctioning the iron ore mined by it prior to 22 nd

November, 2007 and that

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 32 of 101  

the mined ore should be released to the applicant with the right to dispose of  

the same. A Bench of three learned judges (other than those that decided  

Goa Foundation) noted that: “The submissions advanced on behalf of the  

applicant were premised merely on the assertion, that the mineral ore which  

the applicant was claiming a right over, had been legitimately mined before  

22.11.2007, and therefore, the applicant had an absolute and legitimate  

ownership over the same. We may note, that the above position was  

emphasized, stressed and persistently reiterated to make the stand absolutely  

crystal clear.” The learned judges considered the submissions and held by an  

order dated 14 th

October, 2014 that the direction in Goa Foundation was  

clear and categorical that the iron ore vested in the State Government and  

therefore the application deserved dismissal.  In other words, the mining  

lease holders deserved no latitude for the illegal mining and all issues  

needed to be dealt with strictly.  

45. There is additional material to support the view that the Court had  

intended the State of Goa to grant fresh mining leases rather than grant a  

second renewal.   

46. From a reading of the decision rendered by the Bombay High Court in  

Lithoferro  (subject matter of SLP (C) No. 32138 of 2015 and SLP (C) Nos.  

32699-32727 of 2015) it is evident that the State of Goa understood the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 33 of 101  

decision of this Court in Goa Foundation to mean that fresh mining leases  

were required to be granted on the basis of a policy yet to be framed by the  

State of Goa and the issue of second renewals did not survive consideration.  

The contention of the learned Advocate General of the State of Goa in this  

regard is recorded by the High Court in the following words:   

“The learned Advocate General [of the State of Goa] took us through  

the Judgment of the Apex Court in Writ Petition (C) 435/2012 and  

relied upon the observations of the Supreme Court in paras 67, 68,  

69 and 70. The learned Advocate General submitted that the  

Honourable Supreme Court has held that the deemed mining leases  

of the lessees in Goa expired on 22 nd

November, 1987 and the  

maximum of 20 years renewal period of the deemed mining leases in  

Goa as provided under subsection (2) of Section 8 of the MMDR  

Act, read with sub-Rules 8 and 9 of Rule 24-A of the MC Rules  

expired on 22 nd

November, 2007. The learned Advocate General  

submitted that in view of these findings of the Supreme Court,  

there is no question of renewal of the mining leases. The learned  

Advocate General submitted that in terms of the Supreme Court  

decision, it is for the State Government to grant fresh leases in  

accordance with the policy which is yet to be framed. The learned  

Advocate General submitted that the Supreme Court has kept Writ  

Petition (C) 435/2012 pending and, therefore, it is for the petitioners  

to approach the Supreme Court and seek appropriate orders. The  

learned Advocate General submitted that the orders on which  

the petitioners rely, at the most show that the Government in  

principle has agreed for renewal of the leases for a further  

period of 20 years and the same was not a final decision. He  

submitted that in terms of the said decision of the Apex Court, it  

is for the State Government to frame a fresh mining policy and  

after framing the same, to decide granting of fresh mining  

leases.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

47. While considering the submissions of the learned Advocate General  

and learned counsel, the High Court noted that this Court was alive to the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 34 of 101  

fact that the State of Goa had granted in-principle second renewal to 28  

mining leases and had collected renewal fees or stamp duty from 27 mining  

leases (presumably out of the 28 mining leases) as stated in the brief resume  

filed by the State of Goa in this Court. The High Court noted:  

(II) In the brief resume presented by the State of Goa and placed on  

record of the Supreme Court, in Writ Petition (C) 435/2012, it is  

inter alia, mentioned thus:  

“…Presently in the State of Goa, it is found that the Applications for  

Renewal were filed well within time as contemplated by Rule 24A  

of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960. Presently, the State has  

ordered renewal of 28 mining leases, granted in principle approvals  

and has collected Renewal Fees/Stamp Duty from 27 Mining  

Leases..”  

48. In other words, notwithstanding the in-principle grant of second  

renewal of 28 mining leases and collection of renewal fees or stamp duty,  

this Court in Goa Foundation consciously required the State of Goa to grant  

fresh leases.  What is equally significant is that the State of Goa also  

understood the decision of the Court in the same manner and intended to act  

on that basis.   

49. Unfortunately, the State of Goa was overtaken by events in that the  

High Court delivered its judgment in Lithoferro on 13 th

August, 2014 and  

while doing so, it misunderstood or incorrectly appreciated the decision of  

this Court in Goa Foundation and disagreed with the view of the State of

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 35 of 101  

Goa.   While this Court had required the State of Goa to grant fresh mining  

leases and the State of Goa was willing to comply with this direction, the  

High Court instead directed it to execute mining leases under Section 8(3) of  

the MMDR Act in respect of those who had paid the renewal fees or stamp  

duty. The High Court also directed the State of Goa to decide their pending  

second renewal applications within a period of three months keeping in mind  

the provisions of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act (presumably after paying  

the renewal fees or stamp duty in terms of the Government order of 21 st   

February, 2013).   The understanding by the High Court of the decision of  

this Court in Goa Foundation is totally incorrect.  

50.  It appears from the contents of the Grant of Mining Leases Policy that  

in view of the decision of this Court in Goa Foundation the State was  

actively considering a policy for granting fresh mining leases by considering  

several factors. However, the decision and directions of the High Court  

supervened leaving no choice, according to the State, but to completely  

abandon the process of grant of fresh mining leases through the process of  

competitive bidding for earning revenue and justify the abandonment.   

51. As per the Grant of Mining Leases Policy, the State of Goa therefore  

had two realistic options before it: (i) To implement the judgment and order  

of this Court in Goa Foundation (as understood by the State of Goa) and

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 36 of 101  

grant fresh mining leases in the manner felt appropriate and in accordance  

with law; (ii) To abide by the judgment of the High Court (and its  

understanding of the judgment of this Court in Goa Foundation while  

rejecting its understanding by the State of Goa) and grant second renewal to  

the mining leases in terms of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act.  The State of  

Goa appears to have taken the view that challenging the decision of the High  

Court (and therefore abiding by the decision of this Court) would delay the  

commencement of mining operations. The State took into consideration that  

a substantial portion of its revenue comes from the mining sector and that  

the State had been virtually starved of funds on account of stoppage of  

mining operations. Therefore, the State decided to grant a second renewal to  

the mining leases and not grant fresh leases.  This is quite apparent from the  

contents of the Grant of Mining Leases Policy wherein the above facts and  

conclusions have been stated in greater detail.  Was this decision correct?  

52. Learned counsel for the mining lease holders submitted that the  

renewal of a mining lease is equivalent to or amounts to the grant of a fresh  

lease and therefore when the mining leases were renewed, it amounted to the  

grant of a fresh lease in compliance with the directions of this Court.   

Reliance was placed upon Delhi Development Authority v. Durga Chand

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 37 of 101  

Kaushish 11

wherein this Court held:  

“A renewal of a lease is really the grant of a fresh lease. It is called a  

“renewal” simply because it postulates the existence of a prior lease  

which generally provides for renewals as of right. In all other  

respects, it is really a fresh lease.”  

53. Reference was also made to Provash Chandra Dalui v. Biswanath  

Banerjee 12

in which it was held in paragraph 14 of the Report that there is a  

distinction between extension of a lease and renewal of a lease. We do not  

find any relevance of this to our discussion. Reference was also made to the  

view expressed in M.C. Mehta v. Union of India 13

wherein this Court noted  

that it is settled law that grant of renewal is a fresh grant and must be  

consistent with law.     

54. Finally reliance was placed on State of West Bengal v. Calcutta  

Mineral Supply Company Private Limited 14

in which decision it was noted  

in paragraph 31 of the Report that the renewal of a lease is a fresh grant.   

This decision also refers to Gajraj Singh v. State Transport Appellate  

Tribunal 15

wherein this Court observed in paragraph 38 of the Report that  

the grant of renewal is a fresh grant though it breathes life into the operation  

of the previous lease or licence granted.    

                                                           11

(1973) 2 SCC 825  12

1989 Supp (1) SCC 487  13

(2004) 12 SCC 118  14

(2015)  8 SCC 655  15

(1997) 1 SCC 650  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 38 of 101  

55. There is no doubt that the renewal of a lease is virtually the same as  

the grant of a fresh lease but a converse direction to grant a mining lease  

cannot be understood to mean granting a renewal of a mining lease.   

Obviously, the grant of a fresh lease is not the same as the renewal of a lease  

and when the Court in Goa Foundation required the State of Goa to grant a  

fresh lease, it did not require the State to renew the existing (expired) lease.   

The Court could have explicitly declared and directed the State of Goa to  

grant a second renewal of the mining leases rather than to say it in a  

roundabout manner that it should do so by granting a fresh lease equivalent  

to a renewal.   We simply cannot accept the submissions made by learned  

counsel for the mining lease holders in this regard.  

56. That apart, as we have already noted above, the context and material  

on record disabuse the thought that the Court in Goa Foundation did not  

mandate the grant of fresh mining leases in accordance with law.    

57. Learned counsel for the mining lease holders contended that the very  

same learned judges that decided Goa Foundation permitted the State  

Government in Common Cause v. Union of India 16

to consider granting a  

second renewal of mining leases under Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act.  

Therefore the requirement in Goa Foundation for the grant of „fresh leases‟  

                                                           16

(2014) 14 SCC 155

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 39 of 101  

must be understood in a manner similar to what was directed in Common  

Cause. We are unable to accept this contention. The direction given in  

Common Cause was an interim direction and not a final direction as in Goa  

Foundation. Moreover, the facts in both cases are not at all similar so as to  

warrant a similar order being passed or understood. Finally, the fact that the  

same set of learned judges thought it fit to direct the grant of „fresh leases‟ in  

one set of cases and thought it fit to direct consideration of a „second  

renewal‟ in another set of cases indicates that the learned judges were aware  

of the difference in directions. Therefore when the leaned judges directed the  

grant of „fresh leases‟ in Goa Foundation it was a deliberate and conscious  

decision distinct and different from granting a second renewal of expired  

mining leases.  

58. In our opinion, the direction in Goa Foundation is quite clear and  

instead of considering the grant of a second renewal of the mining leases, the  

State of Goa was required to consider the grant of fresh mining leases.    

Therefore the decision of the State of Goa to grant a second renewal of the  

mining leases is erroneous, contrary to the decision in Goa Foundation and  

must be and is quashed.   

Whether the State of Goa should have auctioned the mining leases?  

59. As mentioned in the Grant of Mining Leases Policy there were several

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 40 of 101  

options available to the State of Goa. It took the view that all its options  

were foreclosed post the decision of the High Court and it was obliged to  

grant a second renewal of the mining leases. We have already held that this  

was not so and that the decision to grant a second renewal of the mining  

leases was erroneous and fresh leases were required to be granted in  

accordance with the decision in Goa Foundation. In view of our conclusion,  

the discussion on whether the State of Goa should have auctioned the mining  

leases through a process of competitive bidding is now rendered academic.  

However, since detailed submissions were made by learned counsel on both  

sides, including by the learned Additional Solicitor General, we propose to  

express our views on the subject.      

60. The discussion on the question of auction being the only method of  

allocation or disposal of natural resources arose due to the view expressed  

by this Court in Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India. 17

In  

that decision (hereafter referred to as CPIL – although this case is generally  

referred to as the 2G scam case) the Court dealt with the question of  

following a non-discriminatory policy for alienation of natural resources.  

While doing so it was observed that an auction is “perhaps the best method  

for discharging this burden” and concluded by holding that “while  

                                                           17

(2012) 3 SCC 1

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 41 of 101  

transferring or alienating the natural resources, the State is duty-bound to  

adopt the method of auction by giving wide publicity so that all eligible  

persons can participate in the process.” This led to the belief that the view of  

this Court was that natural resources should be alienated or disposed of only  

by auction and by no other method. The Court held in paragraphs 95 and 96  

of the Report as follows:    

“This Court has repeatedly held that wherever a contract is to be  

awarded or a licence is to be given, the public authority must adopt a  

transparent and fair method for making selections so that all eligible  

persons get a fair opportunity of competition. To put it differently,  

the State and its agencies/instrumentalities must always adopt a  

rational method for disposal of public property and no attempt  

should be made to scuttle the claim of worthy applicants. When it  

comes to alienation of scarce natural resources like spectrum, etc. it  

is the burden of the State to ensure that a non-discriminatory method  

is adopted for distribution and alienation, which would necessarily  

result in protection of national/public interest.  

In our view, a duly publicised auction conducted fairly and  

impartially is perhaps the best method for discharging this burden  

and the methods like first-come-first-served when used for alienation  

of natural resources/public property are likely to be misused by  

unscrupulous people who are only interested in garnering maximum  

financial benefit and have no respect for the constitutional ethos and  

values. In other words, while transferring or alienating the  

natural resources, the State is duty-bound to adopt the method  

of auction by giving wide publicity so that all eligible persons  

can participate in the process.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

61. In Manohar Lal Sharma v. Principal Secretary 18

a Bench of 3 judges  

of this Court paraphrased the above passages and observed that the view  

                                                           18

(2014) 9 SCC 516

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 42 of 101  

expressed in CPIL necessitated a reference by the President of India to this  

Court under Article 143(1) of the Constitution being Special Reference No.  

1 – Natural Resources Allocation. 19

62. What was the Advisory Opinion given by this Court in Natural  

Resources Allocation? Among the questions referred for opinion were the  

following:  

Question 1. Whether the only permissible method for disposal of all  

natural resources across all sectors and in all circumstances is by the  

conduct of auctions?  

Question 2. Whether a broad proposition of law that only the route  

of auctions can be resorted to for disposal of natural resources does  

not run contrary to several judgments of the Supreme Court  

including those of the larger Benches?     

63. In the Reference, it was submitted before the Constitution Bench that  

paragraphs 94 to 96 in CPIL laid down the ratio vis-à-vis disposal of natural  

resources. It was argued that “these paragraphs lay down, as a proposition of  

law, that all natural resources across all sectors, and in all circumstances are  

to be disposed of by way of public auction, and on the other [hand], it was  

urged that the observations therein were made only qua spectrum.”  

64. The submissions made by learned counsel were then discussed and  

thereafter this Court recorded its conclusions between paragraphs 82 and 84  

of Natural Resources Allocation. In paragraph 84, it was held:  

                                                           19

(2012) 10 SCC 1

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 43 of 101  

“84. Thus, having come to the conclusion that 2G case 20

does not  

deal with modes of allocation for natural resources, other than  

spectrum, we shall now proceed to answer the first question of the  

Reference pertaining to other natural resources, as the question  

subsumes the essence of the entire reference, particularly the set of  

first five questions.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

65. Thereafter, while answering the first question in the Reference, the  

Court considered the issue from various perspectives. It first dealt with the  

issue in the context of Article 14 and Article 39(b) of the Constitution and  

concluded in paragraph 120 of the Report that the disposal of natural  

resources for revenue maximization through auctions is not a constitutional  

mandate. It was held:  

“Therefore, in conclusion, the submission that the mandate of Article  

14 is that any disposal of a natural resource for commercial use must  

be for revenue maximisation, and thus by auction, is based neither  

on law nor on logic. There is no constitutional imperative in the  

matter of economic policies—Article 14 does not predefine any  

economic policy as a constitutional mandate. Even the mandate of  

Article 39(b) imposes no restrictions on the means adopted to  

subserve the public good and uses the broad term “distribution”,  

suggesting that the methodology of distribution is not fixed.  

Economic logic establishes that alienation/allocation of natural  

resources to the highest bidder may not necessarily be the only way  

to subserve the common good, and at times, may run counter to  

public good. Hence, it needs little emphasis that disposal of all  

natural resources through auctions is clearly not a constitutional  

mandate.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

  66. The issue was then considered from the standpoint of legitimate  

deviations from an auction. After adverting to several decisions of this Court  

                                                           20

Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India (CPIL case or 2G scam case)

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 44 of 101  

where auctions were not the favoured method of allocation of natural  

resources, it was held between paragraphs 129 and 131 of the Report as  

follows:  

“Hence, it is manifest that there is no constitutional mandate in  

favour of auction under Article 14. The Government has repeatedly  

deviated from the course of auction and this Court has repeatedly  

upheld such actions. The judiciary tests such deviations on the  

limited scope of arbitrariness and fairness under Article 14 and its  

role is limited to that extent. Essentially, whenever the object of  

policy is anything but revenue maximisation, the executive is  

seen to adopt methods other than auction.  

A fortiori, besides legal logic, mandatory auction may be contrary to  

economic logic as well. Different resources may require different  

treatment. Very often, exploration and exploitation contracts are  

bundled together due to the requirement of heavy capital in the  

discovery of natural resources. A concern would risk undertaking  

such exploration and incur heavy costs only if it was assured  

utilisation of the resource discovered: a prudent business  

venture would not like to incur the high costs involved in  

exploration activities and then compete for that resource in an  

open auction. The logic is similar to that applied in patents. Firms  

are given incentives to invest in research and development with the  

promise of exclusive access to the market for the sale of that  

invention. Such an approach is economically and legally sound and  

sometimes necessary to spur research and development. Similarly,  

bundling exploration and exploitation contracts may be necessary to  

spur growth in a specific industry.   

Similar deviation from auction cannot be ruled out when the object  

of a State policy is to promote domestic development of an industry,  

like in Kasturi Lal case 21

discussed above. However, these examples  

are purely illustrative in order to demonstrate that auction cannot be  

the sole criterion for alienation of all natural resources.”  

[Emphasis supplied by us].  

                                                           21

(1980) 4 SCC 1

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 45 of 101  

67. Finally, the issue was considered from the point of view of the  

potential of abuse in allocation of natural resources other than through  

auction and in this context it was held in paragraph 135 of the Report:  

“Therefore, a potential for abuse cannot be the basis for striking  

down a method as ultra vires the Constitution. It is the actual abuse  

itself that must be brought before the court for being tested on  

the anvil of constitutional provisions. In fact, it may be said that  

even auction has a potential of abuse, like any other method of  

allocation, but that cannot be the basis of declaring it as an  

unconstitutional methodology either. These drawbacks include  

cartelisation, the “winner's curse” (the phenomenon by which a  

bidder bids a higher, unrealistic and unexecutable price just to  

surpass the competition; or where a bidder, in case of multiple  

auctions, bids for all the resources and ends up winning licences for  

exploitation of more resources than he can pragmatically execute),  

etc. However, all the same, auction cannot be called ultra vires for  

the said reasons and continues to be an attractive and preferred  

means of disposal of natural resources especially when revenue  

maximisation is a priority. Therefore, neither auction, nor any  

other method of disposal can be held ultra vires the  

Constitution, merely because of a potential abuse.” [Emphasis  

supplied by us].   

68. The conclusion arrived at by the Constitution Bench was then  

recorded between paragraphs 148 and 150 of the Report in the following  

words:  

“In our opinion, auction despite being a more preferable method  

of alienation/allotment of natural resources, cannot be held to be a  

constitutional requirement or limitation for alienation of all natural  

resources and therefore, every method other than auction cannot be  

struck down as ultra vires the constitutional mandate.  

Regard being had to the aforesaid precepts, we have opined that  

auction as a mode cannot be conferred the status of a constitutional

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 46 of 101  

principle. Alienation of natural resources is a policy decision, and  

the means adopted for the same are thus, executive prerogatives.  

However, when such a policy decision is not backed by a social  

or welfare purpose, and precious and scarce natural resources  

are alienated for commercial pursuits of profit maximising  

private entrepreneurs, adoption of means other than those that  

are competitive and maximise revenue may be arbitrary and  

face the wrath of Article 14 of the Constitution. Hence, rather  

than prescribing or proscribing a method, we believe, a judicial  

scrutiny of methods of disposal of natural resources should depend  

on the facts and circumstances of each case, in consonance with the  

principles which we have culled out above. Failing which, the Court,  

in exercise of power of judicial review, shall term the executive  

action as arbitrary, unfair, unreasonable and capricious due to its  

antimony with Article 14 of the Constitution.  

In conclusion, our answer to the first set of five questions is that  

auctions are not the only permissible method for disposal of all  

natural resources across all sectors and in all circumstances.”  [Emphasis supplied by us].  

69. It is therefore more than explicit that there is no constitutional  

requirement (let alone a mandate) for allocation of natural resources through  

the auction method  (other than spectrum) but at the same time the auction  

process should not be given a go-bye without any justification – the decision  

to give a go-bye is judicially reviewable though the scope of judicial review  

might be rather restricted. The melting pot of allocation of a natural  

resource, a social or welfare purpose and adherence to the requirements of  

Articles 14 and 39(b) of the Constitution in matters of policy was a great  

leap forward fashioned by the Constitution Bench. Consequently, while

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 47 of 101  

there is no mandate, constitutional or otherwise, that natural resource  

allocation must be only by auction, it is certainly “a more preferable  

method”. There are exceptions, such as when the natural resource allocation  

is for a “social or welfare purpose”. On the other hand if the natural resource  

allocation is “for commercial pursuits of profit maximising private  

entrepreneurs” de hors any social or welfare purpose, then judicial review  

would be permissible and Article 14 of the Constitution would be attracted  

and if the executive action is found to be arbitrary, it would be struck down.  

Therefore, when it comes to natural resource allocation, the executive has a  

somewhat limited elbow room.   

70. In his concurring opinion, Justice Khehar took the view (in paragraph  

186 of the Report) that: “…when natural resources are made available by the  

State to private persons for commercial exploitation exclusively for their  

individual gains, the State's endeavour must be towards maximisation of  

revenue returns.” [Emphasis supplied by us] The learned judge concluded  

his opinion by agreeing that an auction is one of the price recovery  

mechanisms, but not the only one for allocation of natural resources. “That  

should not be understood to mean that it can never be a valid method for  

disposal of natural resources.” It was further held that natural resources  

cannot be alienated by way of largesse – there must be a reciprocal

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 48 of 101  

consideration either in the form of earning revenue or sub-serving the  

common good or both. The learned judge had this to say:  

“The policy of allocation of natural resources for public good can be  

defined by the legislature, as has been discussed in the foregoing  

paragraphs. Likewise, policy for allocation of natural resources may  

also be determined by the executive. The parameters for determining  

the legality and constitutionality of the two are exactly the same. In  

the aforesaid view of the matter, there can be no doubt about the  

conclusion recorded in the main opinion that auction which is just  

one of the several price recovery mechanisms, cannot be held to be  

the only constitutionally recognised method for alienation of natural  

resources. That should not be understood to mean that it can never  

be a valid method for disposal of natural resources (refer to paras  

186 to 188 of my instant opinion).  

I would, therefore, conclude by stating that no part of the natural  

resource can be dissipated as a matter of largesse, charity,  

donation or endowment, for private exploitation. Each bit of  

natural resource expended must bring back a reciprocal  

consideration. The consideration may be in the nature of earning  

revenue or may be to “best subserve the common good”. It may  

well be the amalgam of the two. There cannot be a dissipation of  

material resources free of cost or at a consideration lower than  

their actual worth. One set of citizens cannot prosper at the cost of  

another set of citizens, for that would not be fair or reasonable.”  

[Emphasis supplied by us].  

71. This issue was considered in Goa Foundation as well. The Court  

adverted to Natural Resources Allocation in paragraph 81 of the Report and  

pithily expressed its view that the manner of granting a mining lease is a  

policy decision of the State Government, but the decision can be examined  

by way of judicial review. It was held:

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 49 of 101  

“We are of the considered opinion that it is for the State Government  

to decide as a matter of policy in what manner the leases of these  

mineral resources would be granted, but this decision has to be taken  

in accordance with the provisions of the MMDR Act and the Rules  

made thereunder and in consonance with the constitutional  

provisions and the decision taken by the State of Goa to grant a  

mining lease in a particular manner or to a particular party can be  

examined by way of judicial review by the Court.” [Emphasis  

supplied by us].  

It was then declared in paragraph 87.5 of the Report that:  

 “It is for the State Government to decide as a matter of policy in  

what manner mining leases are to be granted in future but the  

constitutionality or legality of the decision of the State  

Government can be examined by the Court in exercise of its  

power of judicial review.” [Emphasis supplied by us].   

Similarly, in Manohar Lal Sharma this Court adverted to the issue  

and noted the following in paragraph 98 of the Report:  

“The Constitution Bench [Natural Resources Allocation] clarified  

that the statement of law in 2G case [CPIL] that while transferring or  

alienating the natural resources, the State is duty-bound to adopt the  

method of auction was confined to the specific case of spectrum and  

not for dispensation of all natural resources. The Constitution Bench  

said that findings of this Court in 2G case were limited to the case of  

spectrum and not beyond that and that it did not deal with the modes  

of allocation for natural resources other than spectrum.”  

The Court also referred to the views expressed by Justice Khehar and  

held, in paragraph 104 of the Report:   

“In light of the above legal position, the argument that auction is the  

best way to select private parties as per Article 39(b) does not merit  

acceptance.”  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 50 of 101  

72. This Court then exercised its power of judicial review and considered  

the merits of the explanation given by the Central Government for not  

adopting the competitive bidding route for the allocation of coal blocks. The  

various submissions made, the various hurdles faced (including objections of  

the State Governments) as well as the impracticality of opening up the  

allocation of coal blocks to competitive bidding were considered and then it  

was held (after opening the window of Article 14 of the Constitution) in  

paragraph 110 of the Report:   

“The above facts show that it took almost 8 years in putting in place  

allocation of captive coal blocks through competitive bidding.  

During this period, many coal blocks were allocated giving rise to  

present controversy, which was avoidable because competitive  

bidding would have brought in transparency, objectivity and very  

importantly given a level playing field to all applicants of coal and  

lowered the difference between the market price of coal and the cost  

of coal for the allottee by way of premium which would have  

accrued to the Government. Be that as it may, once it is laid down by  

the Constitution Bench of this Court in Natural Resources  

Allocation that the Court cannot conduct a comparative study of  

various methods of distribution of natural resources and cannot  

mandate one method to be followed in all facts and circumstances,  

then if the grave situation of shortage of power prevailing at that  

time necessitated private participation and the Government felt that  

it would have been impractical and unrealistic to allocate coal blocks  

through auction and later on in 2004 or so there was serious  

opposition by many State Governments to bidding system, and the  

Government did not pursue competitive bidding/public auction  

route, then in our view, the administrative decision of the  

Government not to pursue competitive bidding cannot be said to be  

so arbitrary or unreasonable warranting judicial interference. It is not  

the domain of the Court to evaluate the advantages of competitive  

bidding vis-à-vis other methods of distribution/disposal of natural

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 51 of 101  

resources. However, if the allocation of subject coal blocks is  

inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution and the  

procedure that has been followed in such allocation is found to  

be unfair, unreasonable, discriminatory, non-transparent,  

capricious or suffers from favouritism or nepotism and violative  

of the mandate of Article 14 of the Constitution, the  

consequences of such unconstitutional or illegal allocation must  

follow.” [Emphasis supplied by us].    

73. More recently in M/s. Ajar Enterprises Private Limited v.  

Satyanarayan Somani 22

this Court once again examined the issue of  

distribution of natural resources and held:  

“Undoubtedly, disposal of natural resources by auction is not a  

mandatory principle for, as the Constitution Bench held, 23

individual  

statutes may provide for modalities of transfer by alternate modes  

which subserve public interest. ….. The choice of methods is not left  

to the unbridled discretion of a public authority. Where a public  

authority exercises an executive prerogative, it must nonetheless act  

in a manner which would subserve public interest and facilitate  

the distribution of scarce natural resources in a manner that  

would achieve public good. Where a public authority implements a  

policy, which is backed by a constitutionally recognised social  

purpose intended to achieve the welfare of the community, the  

considerations which would govern would be different from those  

when it alienates natural resources for commercial exploitation.  

When a public body is actuated by a constitutional purpose  

embodied in the Directive Principles, the considerations which  

weigh with it in determining the mode of alienation should be such  

as would achieve the underlying object. In certain cases, the  

dominant consideration is not to maximize revenues but to  

achieve social good such as when the alienation is to provide  

affordable housing to members of the Scheduled Castes or  

Tribes or to implement housing schemes for Below the Poverty  

Line (BPL) families. In other cases where natural resources are  

alienated for commercial exploitation, a public authority cannot  

                                                           22

2017 (10) SCALE 346  23

Natural Resource Allocation

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 52 of 101  

allow them to be dissipated at its unbridled discretion at the cost  

of public interest.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

The window is now more than ajar.  

74. Till fairly recently, policy matters particularly of economic policy  

were hands-off as far as the courts were concerned. 24

But the recent  

decisions of this Court, including by the Constitution Bench in its advisory  

jurisdiction, have partially modified this theory and kept open the window to  

judicially review such a policy if it does not serve the common good as  

understood in Article 39(b) of the Constitution, if it violates Article 14 of the  

Constitution and alienates natural resources for maximizing profits of private  

entrepreneurs while sidelining Article 39(b) of the Constitution. “The  

legislature and the executive are answerable to the Constitution and it is  

there where the judiciary, the guardian of the Constitution, must find the  

contours to the powers of disposal of natural resources, especially Article 14  

and Article 39(b) [of the Constitution]. 25

75. Notwithstanding this, a Court must exercise restraint and not set  

aside Government policy only because it disagrees with it or because a better  

policy could be framed or simply because it has the power to set aside the  

policy.  Policies framed by the State, after due consideration, must be  

                                                           24

BALCO Employees’ Union (Regd) v. Union of India, (2002) 2 SCC 333 at paragraphs 46 and 47  25

Paragraph 95 of the Natural Resource Allocation decision

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 53 of 101  

respected and given enough elbow room and flexibility for implementation.  

Of course, there would be occasions when the implementation of a policy  

has teething problems or some lacuna is discovered at a slightly later stage,  

but that does not mean that policy itself is defective.  Therefore, Courts must  

be very cautious and circumspect in diluting or setting aside a policy and  

must do so only if it is constitutionally unavoidable, otherwise good  

governance could be a casualty.     

76. The conclusions that could be drawn from all these decisions are: (i) It  

is not obligatory, constitutionally or otherwise, that a natural resource (other  

than spectrum) must be disposed of or alienated or allocated only through an  

auction or through competitive bidding; (ii) Where the distribution,  

allocation, alienation or disposal of a natural resource is to a private party for  

a commercial pursuit of maximizing profits, then an auction is a more  

preferable method of such allotment; (iii) A decision to not auction a natural  

resource is liable to challenge and subject to restricted and limited judicial  

review under Article 14 of the Constitution; (iv) A decision to not auction a  

natural resource and sacrifice maximization of revenues might be justifiable  

if the decision is taken, inter alia, for the social good or the public good or  

the common good; (v) Unless the alienation or disposal of a natural resource

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 54 of 101  

is for the common good or a social or welfare purpose, it cannot be  

dissipated in favour of a private entrepreneur virtually free of cost or for a  

consideration not commensurate with its worth without attracting Article 14  

and Article 39(b) of the Constitution.  

Whether the decision of the State of Goa forsaking the auction route is  

arbitrary?  

77. Keeping in mind the broad principles identified above, the question  

that arises for our consideration is whether the State of Goa was justified in  

not adopting the auction route for the grant of mining leases and simply  

granting a second renewal. For a better understanding of this issue, it would  

be worthwhile to again refer to the Goa Mineral Policy, the report of the   

EAC, the Grant of Mining Leases Policy and the decision of the Bombay  

High Court, which documents were relied upon by the learned Additional  

Solicitor General.  

(i) Goa Mineral Policy  

78. The Mineral Policy makes it very clear that during the period from  

about 2006 till about 2012 (for about 5 years) extraction of iron ore in Goa  

was nothing but a free-for-all situation. Illegalities and irregularities were  

committed in abundance by all concerned, particularly the mining lease  

holders. The Mineral Policy records that the State witnessed the peak of

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 55 of 101  

chaotic and unregulated mining. The thought of protecting and preserving  

the environment, concern for the fragile ecology of Goa was far from the  

thoughts of the stakeholders – even the well-being of the average Goan was  

not taken into consideration by the stakeholders. A reading of the initial  

paragraphs of the Mineral Policy suggests that nothing short of rapacious  

mining was going on in Goa. Who were the beneficiaries of all this  

rapaciousness? Could all this be ignored?  

79. The Mineral Policy informs us that the beneficiaries of the  

rapaciousness were not the domestic industry and certainly not the average  

Goan. The reason for this is spelt out in the Mineral Policy itself. Iron ore  

from Goa is not suitable for the Indian industry due to the low Fe content  

and the high silica presence. Therefore, there is no value addition to the  

Indian industry and the iron ore was mined only for export – mainly to  

China and also to Japan.  With a port in the vicinity, Goan iron ore was an  

attractive buy for the global market and the spin-offs benefited those in the  

port, transporters and barge owners etc. The primary beneficiary of this was,  

of course, the mining lease holder, a private entity, and the price was paid by  

the average Goan who had to suffer a polluted environment and witness the  

damage to the State‟s ecology.  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 56 of 101  

80. If the issues mentioned in the Mineral Policy are objectively  

considered in strict monetary terms, the only conclusion that can be drawn is  

that the extraction of iron ore was for commercial purposes and maximizing  

the revenues of private entrepreneurs and not necessarily the State of Goa.   

The natural resource was exploited by some mining lease holders for making  

profits and nothing else.  There were some collateral beneficiaries as well,  

and they too were commercially driven entities such as barge owners, truck  

owners etc. Under these circumstances, the question that arises is whether  

the mining lease holders should have been given a second renewal of the  

mining lease virtually for a song, that is, payment only of royalty, when they  

were driven only by a profit motive or whether the mining leases ought to  

have been auctioned?  Unfortunately, the Mineral Policy did not advert to or  

even consider any solution that would break from the past.  

81. As far as the environment, the fragile ecology of Goa and the well-

being of the average Goan and the rule of law is concerned, the Mineral  

Policy categorically states that the State had witnessed, from 2006-07 till  

2011-12 the peak of chaotic and unregulated mining without any concern for  

the fragile ecology and environment of the State or for the general well-

being of an average Goan.  Surely, all this cannot be ignored or brushed  

aside particularly since the exploitation of mineral resources for five years

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 57 of 101  

had no element of social or public purpose, no concern for society and no  

regard for the environment and the laws.  

(ii) Vishwanath Anand Expert Appraisal Committee  

82. A reading of the report of the EAC is disturbing and acutely highlights  

the damage to the environment and ecology by the mining lease holders. The  

complete indifference by all concerned is evident from a careful reading of  

the report. We propose to refer to and quote in extenso the „summary of  

observations‟ and the „concluding remarks‟ from the report of the EAC since  

they are self explanatory:  

“Summary of Observations  

I. The absence of specific conditions highlighting the mandatory  requirement to obtain prior approval of the Standing Committee of  

the NBWL [National Board for Wild Life] in the EC [Environmental  

Clearance] has led to misinterpretation of the legal requirement.   

There has been an inordinate delay of more than 5 years before  

effective action against defaulting units were initiated by the  

Ministry for non-compliance of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court order  

dated 04.12.2006.  

II. Out of 137 ECs, the requirement of obtaining approval of the  Standing Committee of the NBWL under the W.L. (P) Act 1972  

[Wild Life (Protection) Act] has not been complied with in 123 cases  

where the distances are less than 10 km from the nearest PA  

[Protected Area].  

III. In respect of 10 cases approval of the Standing Committee of the  NBWL is not mandatory as the mine leases are located beyond 10  

km from nearest PA.  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 58 of 101  

IV. Contrary to the directions of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court dated  04.08.2006 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 202/1995; ECs have been  

accorded to 41 mines located within 1 km from the nearest PA.  

V. In respect of 20 cases mine leases were renewed under MMDR Act,  1957 prior to grant of FCs [Forest Clearance].  

VI. In 29 cases, project proponents have furnished wrong information  about distance from the nearest PAs.  

VII. Non-compliance of various EC conditions such as excess  production/unauthorized dump mining/drawal of ground water  

without prior approval of CGWB/encroachment; have also been  

reported in respect of working mines.    

Concluding Remarks  

A reading of our observations and recommendations would show  

that without exception, every proponent to whom an  

environment clearance was issued has either violated its  

conditions or has furnished information in the application which  

has been distant from the truth.  There are basically two types of  

violations; one that cannot be legally condoned and those that can be  

rectified with remedial measures. This is the reason why the  

committee has recommended that all ECs for mines located within  

one km from PAs should be revoked and in cases where untruthful  

information was furnished in the application for EC, such mines  

should not be allowed to reopen.  In the case of those mines which  

have been closed for more than five years, their reopening has not  

been recommended without their applying de novo for a fresh  

environmental clearance as micro environmental conditions on the  

ground would have changed during the period they remained closed.   

However, when one looks at the manner in which the directives  

dated 04.08.2006 and 04.12.2006 of the Supreme Court have been  

implemented one cannot help but feel that there is the absence of a  

bridge mechanism within the Ministry to ensure and oversee that  

directives of the Courts are complied with due diligence and  

seriousness.  

There are two factors which stand out; in some ECs as mentioned in  

this report, the condition was inserted that the project proponent  

should seek approval of the CWLW [Chief Wild Life Warden], in

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others it was stated that approval of the Competent  

Authority/Standing Committee of the NBWL should be obtained and  

in a third category no condition at all was imposed, even though  

some of these ECs pertain to the same meeting and timelines  

between 2005 and 2007.  It is strange that concerned officials in the  

MOEF were not aware that other than the Standing Committee of the  

NBWL no other person was authorised to grant the permission  

envisaged by the order dated 04.12.2006 of the Supreme Court.  This  

is not to state that any discrepancy in the EC letter would absolve the  

project proponent from complying with the law of the land.  This has  

resulted in creating ambiguity amongst many of the project  

proponents and it was not until 01.01.2009, that the MOEF issued a  

public notice clarifying the position.    

Considering that some of the project proponents may have been  

misguided by the ambivalence of the MOEF in not clearly  

delineating the legal position, it is suggested that in the case of those  

project proponents who did not conceal facts in their applications but  

did not apply for permission to the Standing Committee of the  

NBWL, their applications may be considered for being placed before  

the Standing Committee of the NBWL.  However this can in no way  

be construed as a justification on the part of the project proponents  

for not complying with the requirements of the law.  It must be noted  

for example that in those cases where mining has intersected the  

ground water, approval of the CGWB [Central Ground Water Board]  

had not been taken by the project proponents as was required by the  

EC.  Similarly, there are cases where mining operations have taken  

place without obtaining a FC.  

…….  

As regards violations of the conditions of the ECs and where  

environmental damage has been caused, the concerned proponents  

should be made accountable and the MOEF should examine as to  

how some monetary damages can be levied through due legal  

process based on the Polluter Must Pay principle, the proceeds of  

which could be used for environmental rehabilitation.  

There are concerns about the carrying capacity of the area with  

regard to its ability to sustain the extent and quantum of mining that  

has taken place there.  It is recommended that a carrying capacity  

study should be commissioned for the area, or if another study by a  

nationally recognised institution is coming to fruition the result of

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 60 of 101  

that should be acted upon. Such a study should also take into account  

the impact of mining on the hydrology of the region and the extent  

of pollution caused to surface and ground water.  This study should  

be compared to the earlier 10 years baseline data to determine the  

impact of mining on the biodiversity and hydrology of the area in the  

last decade.  Based on the finding of this, a specific policy for  

mining of iron ore in the region may be developed.  Such a policy  

along with a proper control and monitoring mechanism is necessary  

in order to avoid a situation such as the one under question.  It would  

hopefully also ensure that mining in this region is carried out in  

accordance with best sectoral practices using appropriately clean  

technologies.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

83. The report of the EAC reveals that there is not a single environment  

related or mining related law or legal requirement that was not violated by  

one or the other mining lease holder.  Quite clearly, the rule of  

environmental law in Goa had gone with the wind.   

84. There was one extremely important requirement relating to extraction  

of groundwater – that is clearance from the Central Ground Water Board -  

but even that was ignored. During the course of submissions, we were  

informed that there is plenty of groundwater available in Goa. However,  

what seems to have been overlooked is that with the intersection of  

groundwater levels with mining operations, the groundwater would get  

depleted much faster than expected or the quality of the groundwater would  

deteriorate. It is for this reason that MoEF insisted that clearance for drawal  

of groundwater must be taken from the Central Ground Water Board and

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 61 of 101  

care taken in respect of the intersection of groundwater level with mining  

operations (this happened in 46 cases). Unfortunately, no heed was paid to  

these requirements by the State of Goa or any of the mining lease holders  

and not one mining least holder has any clearance (where required) from the  

Central Ground Water Board, or at least none was brought to our notice.  

(iii) Decision of the Bombay High Court  

85. The High Court essentially created two classes of applicants for the  

grant of a mining lease – those in whose favour an in-principle decision had  

been taken for a second renewal of the mining lease and who had paid the  

necessary stamp duty in terms of the Government order of 21 st  February,  

2013 and those who had not yet paid the requisite stamp duty.   

86. As regards the first category, the High Court directed execution of the  

mining lease in their favour in accordance with the provisions of Section  

8(3) of the MMDR Act. This was on the belief that the applicants had  

applied for the second renewal within the prescribed time period; the Indian  

Bureau of Mines had approved the mining plans of these applicants; the  

Indian Bureau of Mines was subjectively satisfied that the second renewal  

was in the interest of mineral development; and that in view of the principles  

of promissory estoppel these applicants were entitled to a second renewal of

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 62 of 101  

their mining lease since they had altered their position to their detriment by  

paying the stamp duty demanded.   

87. As regards the second category (those who had not paid the stamp  

duty), the High Court directed the State of Goa to decide their second  

renewal application within a period of three months keeping in mind the  

provisions of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act (and the requirement to pay the  

stamp duty).    

88. The decision of the High Court does not at all discuss the options  

available to the State of Goa, namely, second renewal of the mining leases  

versus auction of a natural resource. In fact it appears that the High Court  

was not at all alive to the possibility of an auction of the mining leases,  

notwithstanding the view canvassed by the learned Advocate General of the  

State of Goa.   

(iv) Goa Grant of Mining Leases Policy 2014  

89. The Grant of Mining Leases Policy announced and issued on 4 th   

November, 2014 is perhaps the most important document in the entire  

scheme of things and that is the reason it was read out extensively by the  

learned Additional Solicitor General and that is why we have chosen to  

quote it extensively.   

90. A consideration of the contemporaneous facts beginning with the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 63 of 101  

Budget Speech given by the Hon‟ble Minister of Finance of the Government  

of India on 10 th  July, 2014 makes it clear that an amendment to the MMDR  

Act was to be effected sooner than later. The Grant of Mining Leases Policy  

overlooks that and proceeds on the basis that the judgment of the High Court  

delivered on 13 th

August, 2014 left the Government of Goa with no choice  

but to abandon the grant of mining leases through competitive bidding, even  

though that might be the most appropriate method of obtaining the best  

revenue for the public good. The Government of Goa had therefore “for the  

present” ruled out the process of going in for competitive bidding keeping  

also in mind that the State was virtually starved of funds and had to balance  

the equities and needs of all, including the labour class, working class and  

other staff, markets in mining localities, public sector, mining lease holders,  

welfare needs of the State, environment and fragile ecology of the State and  

general well-being of the average Goan.  

91. The State of Goa was also alive to the fact that many (if not all)  

mining lease holders had violated the terms of the mining lease or some  

statutory obligation. Therefore, it was decided to categorize the offenders as  

follows:  

Category I – will be those Mining Leases which have no violations  

or very minimal violation of any provision / condition of applicable

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 64 of 101  

laws/rules orders/permissions etc. or those which cannot otherwise  

be referred to as „violations‟.   

Category II – are those Mining Leases which have been found to  

have violated the Provisions of the Mineral Concession Rules  

including Rules 37 and 38 and other matters as mentioned in the  

Public Accounts Committee Report/Justice Shah Commission  

Report. In this category, the State Government will consider each of  

the cases on its own merits; and wherever the violations are noticed  

subject to the same being remedied by paying appropriate  

Penalty/Fines including those of forfeiture, the State Government  

shall pass appropriate Orders in accordance with Law.   

Category III – Mining leases will be those which are found to have  

violated substantially any provision / condition of applicable laws /  

rules/orders/permissions etc., and in which cases the State  

Government shall determine the Lease/reject their „Application for  

the Second Renewal‟.  

92. The offences ranged, amongst others, from illegal sale of ore, sale of  

royalty challan without ore, encroachment of adjoining areas outside the  

lease, over production in excess of the limit specified in the environmental  

clearance, unscientific mining operations, violations with respect to payment  

of royalty amount, re-use of old royalty challans for defrauding, illegal  

mining activities etc. etc.  None of these are „minimal‟ violations.  However,  

and this is important, the Grant of Mining Leases Policy made it clear that  

the following shall not be considered for renewal of mining leases: (i) Those  

facing an inquiry initiated pursuant to the orders of this Court in paragraph  

88.2 of Goa Foundation for the violation of  Rules 37 and 38 of the Mineral

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 65 of 101  

Concession Rules, 1960; (ii) Those indicted by the Justice M.B. Shah  

Commission; and (iii) Those indicted by the Public Accounts Committee.  

The Grant of Mining Leases Policy stated that inquiries are already in  

progress “at various levels and foras” including a Special Investigation  

Team and a team of Chartered Accountants. We dare say that violations  

pointed out by the EAC ought also to have been taken into consideration.   

93. Be that as it may, there is no doubt that iron ore mining in Goa was  

solely for commercial purposes – it was extracted primarily for export to  

China and Japan without any value addition to the domestic industry. True  

this brought in considerable foreign exchange – nevertheless iron ore  

extraction gave insignificant value addition (if at all) to Indian industry. The  

only advantage that iron ore extraction gave to the State was in terms of  

royalty, but the larger benefit accrued to the private mining lease holder who  

could obtain a mining lease on renewal virtually free and without any social  

or welfare purpose. In other words, the State sacrificed maximizing revenue  

for no apparent positive reason, virtually surrendering itself to the  

commercial and profit making motives of private entrepreneurs and ignoring  

the interests of Goan society in general. Therefore, in principle, the decision  

of the State of Goa to not auction the grant of mining leases was flawed in  

that it did not serve the common or public or social good but primarily

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 66 of 101  

assisted in filling the coffers of private entrepreneurs. We are not inclined to  

go so far as to describe the decision as arbitrary since it is not necessary to  

do so.  

94. However, we make it clear that we have dealt with this issue because  

it was canvassed before us.  We are not inclined to quash the decision of the  

State of Goa of not going in for competitive bidding for the grant of fresh  

mining leases since it is not necessary in view of our conclusion that fresh  

mining leases were required to be granted by the State of Goa.   

95. At this stage we must refer to a submission made by Mr. C.U. Singh  

learned counsel appearing for some of the mining lease holders. He  

submitted that prior to 12 th

January, 2015 the MMDR Act did not permit the  

auction of mining leases. Therefore, even if the State of Goa was desirous of  

introducing competitive bidding for grant of fresh mining leases it could not  

have done so.   He drew our attention to Section 11 of the MMDR Act (as it  

stood prior to its amendment in 2015) which provided a preferential right for  

obtaining a prospecting license or mining lease to the holder of a  

reconnaissance permit or prospecting license. He submitted, placing reliance  

on Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Limited v. State of Karnataka 26

that  

since the MMDR Act is a complete code in itself, the method or procedure  

                                                           26

(2010) 13 SCC 1

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 67 of 101  

for grant of a lease cannot travel outside the confines of the statute and the  

Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 framed thereunder. Reference was made to  

paragraphs 40 to 43 of the judgment:    

“In view of the specific parliamentary declaration as discussed and  

explained by this Court in various decisions, there is no question of  

the State having any power to frame a policy dehors the MMDR Act  

and the Rules.  

In State of Assam v. Om Prakash Mehta 27

this Court in SCC para 12  

held that the MMDR Act, 1957 and the MC Rules, 1960 contain a  

complete code in respect of the grant and renewal of prospecting  

licences as well as mining leases in lands belonging to the  

Government as well as lands belonging to private persons.  

Again this Court in Quarry Owners' Assn. v. State of Bihar 28

held  

that both the Central and the State Government act as mere delegates  

of Parliament while exercising powers under the MMDR Act and the  

MC Rules.  

It is not open to the State Government to justify grant based on  

criteria that are dehors the MMDR Act and the MC Rules. The  

exercise has to be done strictly in accordance with the statutory  

provisions and if there is any deviation, the same cannot be  

sustained. It is the normal rule of construction that when a statute  

vests certain power in an authority to be exercised in a particular  

manner then the said authority has to exercise it only in the manner  

provided in the statute itself. This principle has been reiterated  

in CIT v. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala 29

SCC at p.644; Captain Sube  

Singh v. Lt. Governor of Delhi 30

and State of U.P. v. Singhara  

Singh. 31

” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

                                                           27

(1973) 1 SCC 584  28

(2000) 8 SCC 655  29

(2002) 1 SCC 633  30

(2004) 6 SCC 440  31

(1964) 4 SCR 485

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 68 of 101  

Reference may also be made to paragraph 44 of the Report that reads  

thus:  

“Mr. Harish N. Salve and Mr. Dushyant Dave, by drawing our  

attention to the   decision of this Court in TISCO Ltd. v. Union of  

India [(1996) 9 SCC 709] , submitted that inasmuch as this Court  

had upheld the grants based on “captive consumption”, there is no  

flaw or error in the recommendation of the State Government dated  

6-12-2004. A perusal of the above decision clearly shows that it  

concerned with Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act which requires  

consideration of the extremely general criterion of the interests of  

mineral development before granting second renewal of a mining  

lease. Unlike in Section 11(3), no further criteria were specified and  

it was in this background, this Court upheld on the facts of that case  

that relevant material taken into account by the Committee set up by  

the Central Government rightly included “captive consumption”. In  

view of the factual situation, the said decision can have no bearing  

on initial grants of mining lease where the only permissible criteria  

are the matters set out in Section 11(3) of the MMDR Act.”  

96. The controversy in Sandur Manganese related to the grant of mining  

leases contrary to the provisions of Section 11 of the MMDR Act in that a  

non-statutory criterion was taken into consideration de hors Section 11 of  

the MMDR Act for evaluating the applications and  seeking approval of the  

Central Government for granting a mining lease. This was held to be  

impermissible and it may be so.   In any event, paragraph 44 of the Report  

makes it clear that there is a distinction between the requirements of Section  

11(3) of the MMDR Act and Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act.  Sandur  

Manganese is not applicable to the facts of the present case.  

97. Similarly, reference was made to the Statement of Objects and

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 69 of 101  

Reasons for the Bill introduced in 2015 to amend the MMDR Act. It was  

stated therein that “The present legal framework of the MMDR Act, 1957,  

does not permit the auctioning of mineral concessions.”   

98. This submission need not detain us since we are not required to  

adjudicate whether the State of Goa should have auctioned the mining leases  

or not. The State of Goa decided to renew the mining leases and we are only  

called upon to decide (i) Whether the policy decision not to auction the grant  

of mining leases was arbitrary (we have already held that we are not required  

to express a final opinion on this).  We may, however, recall en passant that  

the Goa Grant of Mining Leases Policy proceeded on the basis that the  

auction of mining leases was permissible and that had the sanction of the  

Court in Goa Foundation.  It may be added that the MMDR Act did not  

prohibit the auction of mining leases. (ii) Whether the second renewals were  

in accordance with law and the constitutional principles.   

99. We may also note that the Constitution Bench in Natural Resources  

Allocation referred to the submission that if auction were the only method of  

allocating natural resources (as it appears from CPIL) then the mandate  

would create a conflict with some statutes including the MMDR Act. The  

Constitution Bench dealt with this submission in paragraph 83 of the Report  

by observing:

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 70 of 101  

“Moreover, if the judgment in 2G case 32

is to be read as holding  

auction as the only permissible means of disposal of all natural  

resources, it would lead to the quashing of a large number of laws  

that prescribe methods other than auction e.g. the MMDR Act.”  

However, the Constitution Bench did not advert to the consequence vis-à-vis  

the MMDR Act of holding that auction was not mandated as the only  

method of allocating a natural resource. Since the question does not arise in  

these cases, we decline to go into this issue – we need not finally adjudicate  

whether the State of Goa should have auctioned the mining leases but we are  

called upon to decide whether the grant of second renewals was valid in law.   

Judicial review of renewals  

100. In view of decisions of this Court, including in Natural Resources  

Allocation it is permissible for this Court to judicially review, to a limited  

and restricted extent, the Grant of Mining Leases Policy, among other  

things, if it falls foul of Article 14 read with Article 39(b) of the Constitution  

and if it ignores the common or public or social good but benefits private  

entrepreneurs, particularly when it involves the natural resources, by  

sacrificing the maximization of revenue for the State.  

101.  In Natural Resources Allocation the Constitution Bench observed  

that “Alienation of natural resources is a policy decision, and the means  

                                                           32

(2012) 3 SCC 1

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 71 of 101  

adopted for the same are thus, executive prerogatives. However, when such  

a policy decision is not backed by a social or welfare purpose, and precious  

and scarce natural resources are alienated for commercial pursuits of profit  

maximising private entrepreneurs, adoption of means other than those that  

are competitive and maximise revenue may be arbitrary and face the wrath  

of Article 14 of the Constitution.”  

102. Similarly in Goa Foundation this Court declared that “It is for the  

State Government to decide as a matter of policy in what manner mining  

leases are to be granted in future but the constitutionality or legality of the  

decision of the State Government can be examined by the Court in exercise  

of its power of judicial review.”  

103. Despite the dicta of the Constitution Bench and the declaration made  

by this Court in Goa Foundation we do not propose to judicially review the  

Grant of Mining Leases Policy but to consider on merits whether the grant of  

second renewal to the mining leases was in accordance with the Grant of  

Mining Leases Policy and the law.   

104. In our opinion, in renewing the mining leases, the State of Goa  

completely ignored several relevant and important and significant factors  

giving the impression that the renewals were not quite fair or reasonable.  

105. For one, the State ignored the fact that every single mining lease

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 72 of 101  

holder had committed some illegality or the other in varying degrees. To  

identify these illegalities (although they had already been identified by the  

Justice Shah Commission and by the EAC), a Special Investigation Team  

had been set up as also a team of Chartered Accountants.  Instead of waiting  

for a report from any one of these teams, the State acted in violation of the  

Grant of Mining Leases Policy and renewed the mining leases. Why was the  

report from the Special Investigation Team not awaited or called for and  

examined? In the Grant of Mining Leases Policy it was clearly and explicitly  

stated (as mentioned above) as follows:  

“Unless and until the Inquiry initiated pursuant to the Judgment and  

Order of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court of India against those Mine  

Lease Holders found to be violating either Rule 37 or Rule 38 of the  

Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, or otherwise indicated in the  

Report of the Justice Shah Commission/PAC report or found to be  

engaged in, any kind of illegality of whatsoever nature such as  

illegal Sale of Ore, Sale of Royalty Challan without Ore,  

Encroachment of adjoining areas outside the lease over production in  

excess of the limit specified in the Environmental Clearance; those  

which have undertaken unscientific mining operations; those who  

have violated or have not paid the Royalty amount; those who have  

re-used old Royalty Challans for defrauding; and those involved in  

Illegal Mining Activities shall not be considered for renewal of  

the Mining Leases.    

For this purpose, presently the inquiries are in progress at various  

levels and foras including the investigation by the SIT Team, by the  

Team of Chartered Accountants which have been set up by the State  

Government and after the inquiry is complete or during the  

course of the inquiry where it is found that any violations have  

taken place, such persons shall not be considered for  

Grant/Renewal of the Leases.” [Emphasis supplied by us].

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 73 of 101  

106. Unfortunately, the undue haste in which the State acted gives the  

impression that it was willing to sacrifice the rule of law for the benefit of  

the mining lease holders and the explanation of satisfying the needs of some  

sections of society for their livelihood (after keeping them in the lurch for  

more than two years) was a mere fig leaf. The real intention of the second  

renewal was to satisfy the avariciousness of the mining lease holders who  

were motivated by profits to be made through the exploitation of natural  

resources.  

107. The undue haste also needs to be looked at in the context of the  

statement made in the final paragraph of the Grant of Mining Leases Policy  

to the effect that this Policy is an in-principle decision and would be notified  

after it is vetted for legal requirements “from specific necessities as also  

from financial view points”. In other words, the Grant of Mining Leases  

Policy as published on 4 th

November,  2014 was not a final policy statement  

but only an intent that would take final shape after due vetting. The Grant of  

Mining Leases Policy was eventually published on 20 th  January, 2015 but it  

was acted upon even before it was gazetted.  

108. A partial explanation for this hurry, if we may venture to suggest, is  

that the State of Goa was aware (like everybody else) on 17 th  November,  

2014 if not earlier, of the policy of the Government of India to auction the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 74 of 101  

grant of mining leases which policy was made available in the public  

domain on that date and suggestions invited.  It is on 17 th  November, 2014  

that the draft Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2014  

was published on the website of the Ministry of Mines of the Government of  

India.  The policy of the Government of India proposed to introduce Section  

10B by way of an amendment to the MMDR Act and the proposed  

amendment made it very clear that if it were to be accepted, auction of  

mining leases in respect of notified minerals (including iron ore) would  

become a reality if not an obligation. It appears that to circumvent this rather  

uncomfortable policy, the State pressed the accelerator on the renewal of  

mining leases from December 2014 onward to benefit mining lease holders.  

So much so that in respect of  5 mining leases, the State overstepped the law  

and granted a second renewal in early January 2015 to some entities without  

even waiting for any approval or deemed approval of the mining plan from  

the Indian Bureau of Mines or any other authority.  

109. This sequence of events acquires further significance when it is  

recalled that an Ordinance to amend the MMDR Act was made known to the  

general public on 5 th  January, 2015 and promulgated by the President on 12

th   

January, 2015 thereby mandating competitive bidding or auction for the  

grant of mining leases. The State of Goa perhaps anticipated this in view of  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 75 of 101  

the publication of the draft Mines and Minerals (Development and  

Regulation) Act, 2014 and therefore hurried into the second renewal of  

mining leases (notwithstanding the Grant of Mining Leases Policy) to defeat  

the introduction of the auction process. In fact in the period from 5 th

January,  

2015 to 12 th

January, 2015 the Government of Goa granted a second renewal  

to as many as 56 mining leases and from 17 th

November, 2014 the State of  

Goa granted a second renewal to as many as 75 mining leases.  The sudden  

spurt of renewal of mining leases is beyond comprehension.  The judgment  

and order of the High Court in Lithoferro cannot be used as a shield for  

explaining the haste.   

110. These facts must also be appreciated in the context that mining  

operations were suspended in Goa with effect from 10 th

September, 2012  

due to an order passed by the State of Goa. Therefore, mining operations  

having been suspended for more than two years, the State could have  

certainly waited for a few weeks more and taken an informed and reasoned  

decision on granting a second renewal to mining leases – but waiting for a  

few weeks could have led to an uncomfortable situation that would have  

compelled the State of Goa to auction the mining leases, hence the haste.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 76 of 101  

111. This Court held in Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. v. Union of India 33

that  

for the purposes of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act 34

the concept of „mineral  

development‟ encompasses the concept of captive mining, an assessment of  

its requirement by different industries as well as the principle of equitable  

distribution (under Article 39(b) of the Constitution). It is not at all clear  

from the records before us that the State had applied its mind to these and  

other factors including the report of Justice Shah, the report of the EAC, the  

absence of any value addition to the domestic industry and the degradation  

of the environment as noted by the Expert Committee appointed by this  

Court in concluding that a second renewal was „in the interests of mineral  

development‟.  Mere reliance on the acceptance or deemed acceptance of the  

Indian Bureau of Mines is not enough, as imagined by the State of Goa.  The  

matter of „interests of mineral development‟ has to be considered holistically  

and not in an isolationist manner.  

                                                           33

(1996) 9 SCC 709   34 “8.  Periods for which mining leases may be granted or renewed.- (1) The maximum period for which a mining  lease may be granted shall not exceed thirty years:  Provided that the minimum period for which any such mining lease may be granted shall not be less than twenty  years.   (2)  A mining lease may be renewed for a period not exceeding twenty years.   (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the State Government is of opinion that in the  interests of mineral development it is necessary so to do, it may, for reasons to be recorded, authorise the renewal  of a mining lease in respect of minerals not specified in Part A and Part B of the First Schedule for a further period  or periods not exceeding twenty years in each case.   (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) and sub-section (3), no mining lease granted in respect  of mineral specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule shall be renewed except with the previous approval of  the Central Government.”       

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 77 of 101  

112. In this context, it is also necessary to point out that the National  

Mineral Policy 2008 provided that: “To maximise gains from the  

comparative advantage which the country enjoys intra se mineral  

development will be prioritised in terms of import substitution, value  

addition and export, in that order.” Admittedly, iron ore is not extracted in  

Goa for import substitution, or value addition for domestic industry, but only  

for the last option, that is, export.  Can it reasonably be said that the export  

of iron ore is in the interest of mineral development? We were informed that  

only one of the mining lease holders captively consumes the extracted iron  

ore and it is evident from the Mineral Policy that despite mining operations  

having closed down for some period in other States, iron ore from Goa was  

not used in the domestic steel industry. Therefore, it is not at all clear who,  

other than the mining lease holders making exports, was benefited by  

resumption of mining operations in Goa through a second renewal.    

113. The Mineral Policy clearly suggests that for a period of five years  

between 2006 and 2012 the mining lease holders committed various  

illegalities and irregularities in the mining process. This is an indication of  

their exploitative and rapacious attitude having little or no concern for the  

environment, the fragile ecology of Goa or even the health and well-being of  

the average Goan. This irreparable damage was being caused by the mining

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 78 of 101  

lease holders without any benefit to the domestic industry. Therefore, while  

the mining lease holders may have contributed virtually nothing to the  

domestic industry, they might have made considerable profits through  

exports and might have also benefited the foreign exchange reserves of the  

country, but the real-time damage to the quality of health and life of the  

average Goan and damage to the environment and ecology of Goa is  

nevertheless incalculable or at least considerable – and export benefits  

cannot be weighed against health or the environment.  

114. What is unfortunate about the entire commercial activity of the mining  

lease holders is that there was no social or public purpose attached to the  

mining operations. There was one and only one objective behind the mining  

activity and that was profit maximization. The renewal of the mining leases  

would give considerable profits to the mining lease holders well beyond the  

benefits that could accrue to the State or to the average resident of Goa. It  

was observed by Justice Khehar in Natural Resources Allocation that  

material resources of the country should not be dissipated free of cost or at a  

consideration lower than their actual worth. This was not kept in mind and  

mining leases were renewed for a small payment of stamp duty and royalty.  

It is therefore clear that the considerations that weighed with the State were  

not for the people of Goa but were for the mining lease holders.  This

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 79 of 101  

certainly cannot be described as being “in the interests of mineral  

development.”  

115. With the mining lease holders violating virtually every applicable law  

or legal requirement, it is clear that the rule of law was not their concern.  

The list of violations and their variety was documented by the EAC and it  

makes for some very sad reading. To make matters worse, it was clearly  

mentioned in the Grant of Mining Leases Policy that a Special Investigating  

Team and a team of Chartered Accountants would look into all the  

violations but the State chose not to wait for any of the reports.  There is no  

explanation for this.   

116. In this background, there is little to suggest that the State considered  

the requirements of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act in that the interests of  

mineral development was secondary while granting the second renewal of  

mining leases. The entire exercise undertaken by the State was a hasty  

charade, regardless of violations of the law by the mining lease holders,  

without any benefit to the Indian industry and without any concern for the  

health of the average Goan.  

117. The undue haste with which the State granted the second renewal of  

mining leases particularly after the amendments proposed to the MMDR Act  

were placed in the public domain by the Government of India (relating to the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 80 of 101  

auction of mining leases) is a clear indication that the decision of the State  

was not based on relevant material and not necessarily triggered by the  

interests of mineral development. The very large number of renewals  

granted over a comparatively brief period is a clear indication that the State  

did not have „mineral development‟ in mind but had some other non-

statutory interests while taking its decision to grant a second renewal to the  

mining leases. The haste with which the State took its decision also needs to  

be understood in the background of the fact that mining had been suspended  

by the State in September 2012 that is more than two years prior to the grant  

of second renewals. The urgency suddenly exhibited by the State therefore  

seems to be make-believe and motivated rather than genuine.  

118. Facts from the record also disclose some interesting information  

regarding the second renewal of mining leases. The table below indicates  

that except 13 mining leases, all the others were renewed after publication of  

the draft Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2014 on  

17 th  November, 2014. The table is given below and is self explanatory:  

Period Mining leases renewed  

Between 5-17 November, 2014 13  

Between 10 December, 2014 and 2 January,  

2015  

19  

Between 5-12 January, 2015 56  

Total 88  

On 12 January, 2015 31

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 81 of 101  

119. Of the 13 mining leases renewed in November 2014, it is found that  

according to the State of Goa all of them are Category-I violators (except            

Geetabala M.N. Parulekar who is a Category–II violator).  However, it was  

pointed out by learned counsel appearing on behalf of Goa Foundation that  

the report of the Vishwanath Anand EAC indicates that a recommendation  

was made to revoke the environmental clearance in respect of  6 mining  

lease  holders;  additionally, none of the mining lease holders had approval  

from  the National Board for Wildlife (where required); all of them (except  

2) had mined in excess of the permissible limit under the environmental  

clearance;  all of them had indulged in dump mining; some of them were  

guilty of encroachments; in almost every case the mining activity intersected  

ground water level and none of the mining lease holders had permission for  

ground water withdrawal.  These cannot be described as minor violations but  

were  actually multiple violations in almost all cases.  How could the State  

of Goa and MoEF overlook these recommendations and multiple violations?  

120. It may be recalled that the Mines and Minerals (Development and  

Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 came into force on 12 th  January,  

2015 and on that day as many as 31 mining leases were renewed.  In respect  

of 5 mining leases renewed in January, 2015 the report from the Indian

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 82 of 101  

Bureau of Mines was called for in January, 2015 itself and the mining leases  

were renewed without receipt of the report from the Indian Bureau of Mines  

and before expiry of the mandatory period for submitting the report in terms  

of the second proviso to Rule 24A(3) of the Mineral Concession Rules,  

1960. In other words, without even receipt of any report from the Indian  

Bureau of Mines and even before the expiry of the statutory waiting period,  

the State of Goa renewed some mining leases.  This is patently illegal.  

121. We were informed by the learned Additional Solicitor General that of  

the 88 mining leases that were renewed, 38 of them are not working for a  

variety of reasons – making their renewal an empty exercise.  

122. These facts are mentioned in the context of the undue haste shown by  

the State of Goa in granting a second renewal to the mining leases keeping  

the following dates in mind:  

17 th  November, 2014 – The draft Mines and Minerals (Development  

and Regulation) Act, 2014 was uploaded on the website of the  

Ministry of Mines of the Government of India.  

5 th

January, 2015 – Approval of the Mines and Minerals  

(Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 by the  

Cabinet of the Government of India became public knowledge.  

12 th  January, 2015 – President of India promulgated the Mines and  

Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance,  

2015.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 83 of 101  

123. It is possible that the State did have some serious governance issues to  

contend with as mentioned in the Grant of Mining Leases Policy, namely,  

since iron ore mining had been suspended for more than two years, the State  

faced a lack of funds resulting in its having difficulty in undertaking  

infrastructure projects and other activities. The State had also to contend  

with the adverse effects faced by a large population that was directly or  

indirectly dependent on the mining sector.  Additionally, the transport sector  

was affected as well as barges used for transport through rivers from jetties.  

The stoppage of mining operations therefore affected several categories of  

stakeholders including small business or small commercial ventures and  

workers/labour.  The Grant of Mining Leases Policy also noted that there  

was a tremendous loss of foreign exchange of about $8 billion through  

exports and more than Rs. 850 crores towards loans/advances on the mining  

sector for a variety of activities as well as about Rs. 1000 crores towards  

housing, business and other loans.  Over all there was a slump in economic  

activity which also had an impact on the education sector etc.    

124. The State has projected virtual chaos (which could be an  

exaggeration) but that is why we have left open the issue of arbitrariness of  

the policy decision.  Nevertheless the State is bound by the law, however  

uncomfortable it might be in granting a second renewal in terms of Section

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 84 of 101  

8(3) of the MMDR Act.  Therefore, on an overall consideration of all aspects  

of the case, we are of opinion that the decision of the State of Goa to quickly  

renew the mining leases while ostensibly complying with the requirements  

of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act and thereby jettisoning the rule of law  

was unjustified.   

Whether fresh environmental clearances were required to be obtained  

by the mining lease holders?     

125. The question whether the mining lease holders required fresh  

environmental clearances arises in the context of paragraph 82 of the  

decision rendered in Goa Foundation quoted above. It must be stated that  

some mining lease holders had environmental clearances under EIA 1994  

while others under EIA 2006.  Notwithstanding this, since we have held that  

fresh mining leases were required to be granted, it follows that fresh  

environmental clearance is required to be obtained by those who are granted  

a fresh mining lease.  

126. That apart, the materials before the Court while deciding Goa  

Foundation included the report of the Justice Shah Commission, the report  

of the EAC and the report of the Expert Committee constituted by the Court  

by orders dated 11 th  November, 2013 and 18

th  November, 2013. On a  

combined reading of the material before it, the Court took a broad view that

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 85 of 101  

large-scale mining of iron ore led to several adverse impacts including those  

related to the environment, ecology and health of the people of Goa and that  

these illegalities and irregularities were committed by almost all (if not all)  

mining lease holders as reported by the EAC. The Court also accepted the  

view of the Expert Committee that the ecology of Goa was being degraded  

through indiscriminate mining and placed a cap on the annual excavation of  

iron ore. It was noted that mining by the lessees in Goa after 22 nd

November,  

2007 was illegal and that mining operations were suspended by the State of  

Goa on 10 th  September, 2012 and environmental clearances granted to the  

mines were kept in abeyance by the MoEF on 14 th

September, 2012.  

Considering all this, as well as the law laid down in Goa Foundation to the  

effect that there is no automatic second renewal of a mining lease but that a  

second renewal must be granted in accordance with the provisions of Section  

8(3) of the MMDR Act, the Court used the expression “grant fresh  

environmental clearances for mining projects” in the passage referred to  

above.  

127. We have already adverted to the report of the EAC. As far as the  

Expert Committee set up by the Court is concerned, it had furnished an  

Interim Report dated 14 th  March, 2014 in which it noted large-scale  

degradation  of  the  environment  and  recommended placing an annual cap  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 86 of 101  

between 20 and 27.5 million tonnes on the extraction of iron ore in Goa. The  

Expert Committee noted the following (which makes for some very  

depressing reading):  

“The production of iron ore has jumped from 14.6 million tons in  

1941 to 41.17 million tons in 2010-2011. In 1980s the production  

was about 10 MT/annum. The quantum jump in iron ore  

production in Goa was essentially due to steep rise in exports of  

fines and other low grade ore of 42% Fe content to China. This  

has led to massive negative impacts on all ecosystems leading to  

enhanced air, water, and soil pollution affecting quality of life  

across Goa. This is evident by three important reports i.e. (i)  

Areawise Environmental Quality Management (AEQM) Plan for the  

Mining belt of Goa by Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi  

and Goa (1997) and it was submitted to the Directorate of Planning,  

Statistics, and Evaluation, Government of Goa, (ii) Environmental  

and Social Performance Indicators and Sustainability Markers in  

Minerals Development Reporting Progress towards Improved  

Ecosystem Health and Human Well-being, Phase III by TERI and  

International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada (2006)  

and (iii) the Regional Environmental Impact Study of Iron Ore  

Mining in Goa region sponsored by MoEF, New Delhi (2014) by  

Indian School of Mines. Besides the above three main reports, a  

number of scientific research papers on the impact of iron ore  

mining on the environment and ecology of diverse ecosystems were  

published by scientists working at Goa University and NIO.  

These reports and publications substantiate that the mining,  

particularly the enhanced level of annual production  

contributed to adverse impacts on the ecological systems, socio-

economics of Goa and health of people of Goa leading to loss of  

ecological integrity. This is due to enhanced levels of pollutants,  

particularly RSPM and SPM, sedimentation of materials from dumps  

and iron ore in rivers, estuaries and shallow depth (20 m) of sea  

water, agricultural fields, high concentration of Fe and Mn in surface  

waters and their bioaccumulation.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 87 of 101  

128. Faced with this material evidence before it, the Court took the view in  

Goa Foundation that fresh environmental clearances must be obtained.  

Unfortunately however, the State of Goa was more concerned with earning  

revenue rather than the health of the people of Goa or enforcing the rule of  

law and therefore gave a complete go-bye to the directions of this Court and  

to the concerns of the citizens of Goa and requested the MoEF to lift the  

abeyance on the environmental clearances.  

129. Acting on the request made by the State of Goa by letters dated 7 th   

January, 2015 and 5 th  February, 2015, the MoEF passed three orders on 20

th   

March, 2015. We have already adverted to the contents of the orders passed  

on 20 th  March, 2015.   

130. The first order of 20 th  March, 2015 is essentially a communication  

documenting the variety of illegalities and irregularities committed by the  

mining lease holders and that the Government of India would be referring  

the cases for appropriate action and also requesting the Principal Secretary,  

Environment in the Government of Goa to take necessary action.  

131. The second order of 20 th  March, 2015 is an Office Memorandum to  

the effect that a project proponent will not be required to obtain a fresh  

environmental clearance at the time of renewal of the mining lease. This is  

misleading information and contrary to the decision of this Court in M.C.

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 88 of 101  

Mehta v. Union of India 35

as well as the decision rendered in Common  

Cause v. Union of India. 36

132. It was held in Ambica Quarry Works v. State of Gujarat 37

, Rural  

Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. 38

and State of M.P. v.  

Krishnadas Tikaram 39

(which decisions were followed in M.C. Mehta) that  

the renewal of a lease, whether under the provisions of the Forest  

(Conservation) Act, 1980 or otherwise cannot be granted without the lease  

holder complying with the necessary statutory requirements particularly  

since the grant of renewal is a fresh grant and must be consistent with law.  

The principle of compliance with statutory provisions at the stage of renewal  

of a lease was re-affirmed in Common Cause in paragraphs 105 and 106 of  

the Report. In paragraph 188(2) of the Report it was categorically held as  

follows:  

“(2) The renewal of a mining lease after 27-1-1994 will require an  

EC even if there is no expansion or modernisation activity or any  

increase in the pollution load.”  

133. The third order of 20 th  March, 2015 is extremely cryptic in the matter  

of lifting the abeyance order of 14 th

September, 2012 on environmental  

                                                           35

(2004)12 SCC 118  36

(2017) 9 SCC 499  37

(1987) 1 SCC 213  38

1989 Supp (1) SCC 504  39

1995 Supp (1) SCC 587

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 89 of 101  

clearances. While dealing with 35 mining leases for which environmental  

clearance had been granted under EIA 1994 and 37 mining leases for which  

environmental clearance had been granted under EIA 2006, the following is  

stated:  

“It has been decided in the Ministry that the EC issued under 1994  

notification in case they are valid and subsisting would not require  

fresh EC at the time of renewal (O.M. L-11011/15/2012-IA-II (M)  

dated 20.3.2015. Therefore it has been decided to lift abeyance on  

the 72 cases of which 35 cases had been granted EC under the  

provisions of EIA notification 1994 and 37 cases had been granted  

EC under EIA notification 2006.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

134. As mentioned above and as held in M.C. Mehta and Common Cause,  

the renewal of a lease after 27 th  January, 1994 would require an  

environmental clearance. Therefore, a mining lease holder having a valid  

environmental clearance obtained under EIA 1994 would still require a fresh  

environmental clearance for renewal of the mining lease in 2014-2015 as the  

case may be. That being so there is no doubt at all that the 35 cases referred  

to in the third order of 20 th  March, 2015 who had an environmental  

clearance under EIA 1994 did require a fresh environmental clearance at the  

time of renewal of the mining lease. Since they did not have such a fresh  

environmental clearance the renewal of these 35 mining leases is clearly   

bad in law.  Moreover, as held in M.C. Mehta and Common Cause the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 90 of 101  

validity of an environmental clearance granted under EIA 1994 is only for  

five years.  Therefore all environmental clearances granted under EIA 1994  

had lost their validity before 2015, EIA 1994 having been replaced by EIA  

2006.  

135. As regards the 37 mining leases that had obtained environmental  

clearance under EIA 2006, since the validity of the environmental clearance  

is for the estimated project life or a maximum of 30 years in terms of  

paragraph 9 of  EIA 2006 therefore no violation can be found on the ground  

of validity for the time period.  To this limited extent, no interference is  

necessary at this stage in respect of these 37 mining leases.   We make it  

clear, however, that this is subject to our conclusion that fresh mining leases  

were required to be granted by the State of Goa.  Consequently, a mining  

lease holder obtaining a fresh mining lease would require a fresh  

environmental clearance in terms of EIA 2006.  

136. What is disturbing is that notwithstanding several and various  

violations, the MoEF granted environmental clearance to 72 mining leases.  

It seems to us that the MoEF acted without any application of mind in lifting  

the order placing all the environmental clearances in abeyance. Since the  

entire exercise carried out by the MoEF on 20 th  March, 2015 was  

mechanical, at the behest of the State of Goa, without due application of

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 91 of 101  

mind, without considering the multiple illegalities and irregularities  

committed by the mining lease holders or passing on the buck to the State of  

Goa and without considering relevant material such as the report of the EAC  

and the Expert Committee appointed by this Court, the exercise of lifting the  

abeyance order on 20 th

March, 2015 by the MoEF must be held void and as  

directed by the Court in Goa Foundation all the mining lease holders must  

obtain fresh environmental clearance for their mining project.   

137. We were informed by the learned Additional Solicitor General that  

show cause notices have now been issued to some mining lease holders  

demanding huge amounts - some running into hundreds of crores of rupees  

towards value of ore extracted in excess of the environmental clearance.  

We were handed over some sample show cause notices (about 12) issued in  

September and October 2017 and the figures are quite staggering – the  

demand raised being about Rs. 1500 crores!  Similarly, from the Summary  

of Mining Audit Report submitted by the auditors (and handed over to us by  

the learned Additional Solicitor General – for the period July 2016 to  

December 2016) the amount demanded (including interest) by the State of  

Goa from the mining lease holders through show cause notices issued is  

about Rs. 1500 crores! And without making any serious attempt to recover  

such huge amounts, the State of Goa has granted second renewal of mining

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 92 of 101  

leases and the MoEF played ball by lifting the abeyance order in respect of  

the environment clearances. The inferences that can be drawn are quite  

obvious.  

138. We must emphasise that issues impacting society are required to be  

looked at holistically and not in a disaggregated manner.  An overall  

perspective is necessary on such issues including issues that impact on the  

environment and the people of a community or a region or the State.   It is  

for this reason that it is necessary to look at them broadly otherwise if that  

broader perspective is lost everyone will be a loser and no one will be a real  

beneficiary.  One or two violations here and there may be wished away as  

inconsequential, but multiple violations by several persons can result in  

serious problems.  As the novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand had said: We  

can evade reality, but we cannot evade the consequences of evading reality.   

Therefore, there is no doubt that the Mineral Policy, the Grant of Mining  

Leases Policy, the amendment to the MMDR Act, the report of the EAC and  

the report of the Expert Committee must be considered in the larger context  

of constitutionalism, the rule of law, environmental jurisprudence as well as  

the fundamental right of the people of Goa to have clean air and  

protection of the fragile  ecology. Governance cannot and should not be  

carried out de hors the interests of the people and some uncomfortable

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 93 of 101  

decisions may be inevitable for balancing the equities.     

139. Finally, a controversy (wholly unnecessary in our view) was raised  

with regard to the period of validity of the environmental clearance granted  

under EIA 1994. Firstly, in the view that we have taken, the validity period  

of an environmental clearance under EIA 1994 is academic since a fresh  

environmental clearance was necessary at the time of renewal of a lease.  

Secondly, the period of validity of an environmental clearance was  

considered in M.C. Mehta and it was clearly held that it is valid for 5 years  

only. In paragraph 77 of the Report it was observed:  

“We are unable to accept the contention that the notification dated  

27-1-1994 would not apply to leases which come up for  

consideration for renewal after issue of the notification. The  

notification mandates that the mining operation shall not be  

undertaken in any part of India unless environmental clearance by  

the Central Government has been accorded. The clearance under  

the notification is valid for a period of five years. In none of the  

leases the requirements of the notification were complied with either  

at the stage of initial grant of the mining lease or at the stage of  

renewal. Some of the leases were fresh leases granted after issue of  

the notification. Some were cases of renewal. No mining operation  

can commence without obtaining environmental impact assessment  

in terms of the notification.” [Emphasis supplied by us].  

A similar view was expressed in paragraph 87 in Common Cause. Any  

contrary view expressed in any notification issued by MoEF (including the  

notification of 15 th  January, 2016) cannot overrule decisions of this Court

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 94 of 101  

and is void to the extent that it does so.   

140. It was submitted that all relevant notifications on the subject had not  

been placed before the Court and hence an erroneous conclusion was arrived  

at with respect to EIA 1994. We propose to deal with the notifications  

placed before us.  

141. The notification of 27 th  January, 1994 (EIA 1994) deals with site  

clearance in paragraph 2.II(d). This provides, inter alia, that site clearance  

will be granted for a mining operation by the Central Government and that  

site clearance will be valid for a period of five years for commencing the  

operation or mining. Paragraphs 2.III(a) and 2.III(c) of the notification deal  

with the procedure for obtaining environmental clearance, but do not provide  

for the validity period of the environmental clearance.   

142. A notification of 4 th  May, 1994 refers to the notification of 27

th   

January, 1994 and substitutes paragraph 2.III(c) therein and provides that the  

environmental clearance “shall be valid for a period of five years from  

commencement of the construction or operation.” What this provides,  

therefore, is that if environmental clearance is granted on a particular date  

and the mining operation starts on a later date, then the validity of the  

environmental clearance commences from the later date and is valid for five  

years from that date. This was reiterated in the notification of 10 th  April,

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 95 of 101  

1997.  

143. The validity of an environmental clearance is specifically provided for  

in EIA 2006 in paragraph 9 thereof. As far as we are concerned, it provides  

that in respect of mining operations, the environmental clearance would be  

valid for the “project life as estimated by Expert Appraisal Committee or  

State Level Expert Appraisal Committee subject to a maximum of thirty  

years for mining projects….”.     

144. For no apparent reason and after EIA 2006, the issue of the validity of  

an environmental clearance granted under EIA 1994 was raked up and a    

notification was issued by the MoEF on 21 st  August, 2013 in which it was  

noted that the notification of 4 th

May, 1994 provided that “the clearance  

granted shall be valid for a period of five years from commencement of the  

construction or operation”.  Another notification of 21 st  August, 2013 goes  

on to say that the intent of the Central Government has been and has always  

been that the validity of the environmental clearance is for five years “for”  

commencement of the construction or operation and not that the  

environment clearance is only for five years “from” the commencement of  

construction or operation. Therefore, the Central Government clarified in the  

notification of 21 st  August, 2013 that the expression “for a period of five  

years” shall mean “for a period of five years for commencement of the

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 96 of 101  

construction or operation and not five years from commencement of the  

construction or operation.” We do not see how this controversy really arises  

or its relevance to the present case, but we refer to it since submissions were  

made to explain the distinction between “for” five years and “from” five  

years in respect of the validity of an environmental clearance.    

145. It is perhaps sought to be contended that if environmental clearance is  

granted and mining operations commence within the five year period, then  

the environmental clearance under EIA 1994 is valid till the project or the  

mining lease period is over.   We cannot see how such an inference can be  

drawn.   Moreover, this submission overlooks the decisions in M.C. Mehta  

and Common Cause which accept the view that the validity of an  

environmental clearance granted under EIA 1994 is only five years as also  

the view that a valid environmental clearance is necessary for the renewal of  

a mining lease.   No notification of the MoEF can overrule decisions of this  

Court.   As far as EIA 2006 is concerned this submission is academic and  

not relevant since paragraph 9 of EIA 2006 provides that the environmental  

clearance would be valid for the estimated project life subject to a maximum  

of 30 years.  

146. Learned counsel for the mining lease holders also relied upon a

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 97 of 101  

decision of the Delhi High Court in S. N. Mohanty v. Union of India 40

to  

contend that notwithstanding a notification issued by MoEF on 4 th  April,  

2011 it was not obligatory for a mining lease holder to obtain a fresh  

environmental clearance at the time of renewal of a lease, if the  

environmental clearance was subsisting. In that case, the petitioner had an  

environmental clearance obtained under EIA 2006 on 15 th  January, 2007 and  

the first renewal of the mining lease was due on 2 nd

April, 2012. In that  

context, it was submitted that it was not necessary for the petitioner to obtain  

environmental clearance for renewal of the mining lease. The Delhi High  

Court took the view that: “… if a person has a valid and subsisting EC  

[environmental clearance] at the point of time he seeks a renewal of the  

mining lease, he would still be required to obtain another EC prior to the  

grant of renewal by the respondents. That, in our view, is not the intent and  

purport of the Supreme Court directions in M.C. Mehta.”  This question  

does not arise in the context of EIA 1994.  

147. One final submission before us was that these cases be referred to a  

Bench of 9 learned judges since the constitutional validity of the Goa,  

Daman & Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition & Declaration of Mining  

Leases) Act, 1987 was under challenge in some cases and the decision in  

                                                           40

2012 SCC OnLine Del 4000

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 98 of 101  

those cases would perhaps render the present proceedings infructuous. In  

some of these pending cases, this Court had passed an order on 29 th  October,  

2002 to await the decision of 9 learned judges in Property Owners’  

Association v. State of Maharashtra. 41

 We are not at all inclined to accept  

this request and mention it only to reject it.   

Correctness of the decision of the High Court in Lithoferro  

148. As far as the SLPs are concerned (SLP (C) No. 32138 of 2015 and  

SLP (C) Nos. 32699-32727 of 2015) we set aside the judgment and order  

dated 13 th  August, 2014 of the High Court in view of our conclusion that the  

State of Goa was required to grant fresh licences in terms of the decision of  

this Court in Goa Foundation. The High Court proceeded on the erroneous  

basis that it could direct the State of Goa to grant a second renewal of the  

mining leases notwithstanding the direction in Goa Foundation.  

Conclusions and directions  

149. In view of our discussion, we arrive at the following conclusions:  

1. As a result of the decision, declaration and directions of this  

Court in Goa Foundation, the State of Goa was obliged to  

grant fresh mining leases in accordance with law and not  

second renewals to the mining lease holders.  

                                                           41

(2013) 7 SCC 522 dated 20 th

February, 2002

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 99 of 101  

2. The State of Goa was not under any constitutional obligation to  

grant fresh mining leases through the process of competitive  

bidding or auction.  

3. The second renewal of the mining leases granted by the State of  

Goa was unduly hasty, without taking all relevant material into  

consideration and ignoring available relevant material and  

therefore not in the interests of mineral development. The  

decision was taken only to augment the revenues of the State  

which is outside the purview of Section 8(3) of the MMDR Act.   

The second renewal of the mining leases granted by the State of  

Goa is liable to be set aside and is quashed.  

4. The Ministry of Environment and Forest was obliged to grant  

fresh environmental clearances in respect of fresh grant of  

mining leases in accordance with law and the decision of this  

Court in Goa Foundation and not merely lift the abeyance  

order of 14 th  September, 2012.   

5. The decision of the Bombay High Court in Lithoferro v. State  

of Goa (and batch) giving directions different from those given  

by this Court in Goa Foundation is set aside.  

6. The mining lease holders who have been granted the second

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 100 of 101  

renewal in violation of the decision and directions of this Court  

in Goa Foundation are given time to manage their affairs and  

may continue their mining operations till 15 th  March, 2018.  

However, they are directed to stop all mining operations with  

effect from 16 th

March, 2018 until fresh mining leases (not  

fresh renewals or other renewals) are granted and fresh  

environmental clearances are granted.  

7. The State of Goa should take all necessary steps to grant fresh  

mining leases in accordance with the provisions of the Mines  

and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. The  

Ministry of Environment and Forest should also take all  

necessary steps to grant fresh environmental clearances to those  

who are successful in obtaining fresh mining leases. The  

exercise should be completed by the State of Goa and the  

Ministry of Environment and Forest as early as reasonably  

practicable.  

8. The State of Goa will take all necessary steps to ensure that the  

Special Investigation Team and the team of Chartered  

Accountants constituted pursuant to the Goa Grant of Mining  

Leases Policy 2014 give their report at the earliest and the State

          S.L.P. (C) No. 32138 of 2015 etc.                                                                                          Page 101 of 101  

of Goa should implement the reports at the earliest, unless there  

are very good reasons for rejecting them.  

9. The State of Goa will take all necessary steps to expedite  

recovery of the amounts said to be due from the mining lease  

holders pursuant to the show cause notices issued to them and  

pursuant to other reports available with the State of Goa  

including the report of Special Investigation Team and the team  

of Chartered Accountants.  

150. The writ petitions and SLPs are disposed of in accordance with the  

above conclusions and directions.  

...……………………J  

           (Madan B. Lokur)   

                                                                          ..…………………....J            

New Delhi;            (Deepak Gupta)   

February 7, 2018