STATE OF KERALA Vs S.UNNIKRISHNAN NAIR
Bench: DIPAK MISRA,PRAFULLA C. PANT
Case number: Crl.A. No.-002086-002086 / 2014
Diary number: 3173 / 2013
Advocates: RAMESH BABU M. R. Vs
A. VENAYAGAM BALAN
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Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.2086 OF 2014
State of Kerala and Others Appellants
Versus
S. Unnikrishnan Nair and Others Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
The seminal question that emerges for consideration in
this appeal is whether the High Court of Kerala at
Ernakulam, is justified in quashing the F.I.R. lodged against
the respondents for the offences punishable under Sections
182, 194, 195, 195A and 306 of the Indian Penal Code in
exercise of jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure by the impugned order dated 14th
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December, 2012.
2. At the outset, we must state that Mr. L. Nageshwar
Rao, learned senior counsel appearing for the State has
submitted that there is no grievance as far as the
quashment of the offences punishable under Sections 182,
194, 195, 195A I.P.C. is concerned. Therefore, the central
challenge pertains to quashing of the offence punishable
under Section 306 I.P.C.
3. The facts in detail need not be stated, for the
controversy really lies in a narrow compass. As the factual
matrix would unfurl, one Sampath was alleged to have been
beaten to death by the investigating agency, that is, the
State police, while he was in custody. His brother,
Murukeshan, preferred W.P.(C) No.13426 of 2010 and
during the pendency of the writ petition, he filed I.A.
No.16944 of 2010. His prayer was basically for issuance of
a direction to the Director, Central Bureau of Investigation
(C.B.I.) to submit a detailed report regarding the
investigation so far conducted and production of the entire
case diary. As is manifest, he was not satisfied with the
investigation conducted by the State police and his prayer
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was for better and more rigorous investigation. Be it noted,
the High Court by an earlier order had directed the C.B.I. to
investigate as there were certain allegations against the
State police.
4. While dealing with the interlocutory application filed
by Murukeshan, the brother of Sampath, the High Court
has opined thus:
“The re-constitution of the investigation team by inducting one Haridath as the Chief Investigating Officer, naturally engendered a fear in the mind of the petitioner that some attempt was afoot to deflect the course of investigation. It is that fear which has necessitated this application.”
From the aforesaid, it is clear as crystal that Haridath
was the Chief Investigating Officer. After the investigating
team was constituted by the higher officer, the High Court,
as the order would further unveil, had given immense
protection to Haridath as far as investigation is concerned.
We may profitably reproduce the said paragraph hereunder:
“The induction of Haridath at the helm of affairs in the investigation of Sampath Murder Case need not cause any concern either to the petitioner or to anybody else. Haridath is believed to be an officer of proven integrity and of bold disposition. He shall, however, submit a report every three weeks, under intimation to this Court, to the Chief Judicial Magistrate,
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Ernakulam, regarding the progress of the investigation. The Chief Judicial Magistrate shall also monitor the investigation and if need be call for the case diary for his perusal. The present team of investigation shall not be dislocated or changed without the orders of this Court. Should any member of the investigating team feel that there is any interference with his freedom either from the C.B.I. or from elsewhere, such member shall be free to address this Court through the Registrar General in a sealed cover.”
5. The aforesaid paragraph makes it quite vivid that the
High Court had really reposed faith in Haridath and also
granted him freedom to investigate and liberty to address
the court through the Registrar General in a sealed cover.
The said order was passed on 22nd December, 2010.
6. The said Haridath was assisted by a team of officers
which included the respondent Nos.1 and 2. While the
investigation was in progress, Haridath committed suicide
on 15th March, 2012, leaving behind a suicide note. The
said note reads as follows:
“Rajan and Unnikrishnan (CBI TVPM) are responsible for my this situation. Nobody else has any role in this. They who compelled me to do everything and cheated me and put me in deep trouble. Advocate Seekumar also has some role. CJM Sri Vijayan also put pressure on me.
Nobody else has any role in this.”
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On the basis of the aforesaid suicide note, the criminal
law was set in motion and the respondents were arrayed as
accused. The said situation compelled them to invoke the
inherent jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 482 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, and eventually, as has been
stated earlier, the High Court quashed the same.
7. It is submitted by Mr. Rao, learned senior counsel that
the High Court has fallen into gross error by quashing the
criminal proceeding inasmuch as it is a fit case where there
should have been a trial. He has taken us through the
statement of the wife of the deceased and the other
witnesses. Learned senior counsel has also commended us
to the authority in Praveen Pradhan vs. State of
Uttaranchal and Another1, to show that the instant case
is one where ingredients of Section 107 of I.P.C. have been
met with.
8. Mr. P.K. Dey, learned counsel appearing for the C.B.I.,
has also supported the submissions of Mr. Rao.
9. Mr. Prashant Bhushan, learned counsel appearing for
the respondent Nos.1 and 2, per contra, would contend that
1 (2012) 9 SCC 734
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the High Court has justifiably quashed the investigation, for
Haridath, the deceased, was holding a superior rank and
there is nothing to suggest that the respondents had
instigated him or done any activity that had left the
deceased with no option but to commit suicide. He has
placed reliance upon Netai Dutta vs. State of West
Bengal2 and M. Mohan vs. State, Represented by the
Deputy Superintendent of Police3.
10. To appreciate the rivalised submissions in the
obtaining factual matrix, it is necessary to understand the
concept of abatement as enshrined in Section 107 IPC. The
said provision reads as follows:-
“107. A person abets the doing of a thing, who –
First – Instigates any person to do that thing; or
Secondly – Engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, and in order to the doing of that thing; or
Thirdly – Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1. – A person who, by wilful misrepresentation, or by wilful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose,
2 (2005) 2 SCC 659 3 (2011) 3 SCC 626
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voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procure, a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.
Explanation 2 – Whoever, either prior to or at the time of commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act.”
11. The aforesaid provision was interpreted in Kishori Lal
v. State of M.P4 by a two-Judge Bench and the discussion
therein is to the following effect:-
“Section 107 IPC defines abetment of a thing. The offence of abetment is a separate and distinct of- fence provided in IPC. A person, abets the doing of a thing when (1) he instigates any person to do that thing; or (2) engages with one or more other persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing; or (3) intentionally aids, by act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing. These things are essential to complete abetment as a crime. The word “instigate” literally means to provoke, incite, urge on or bring about by persuasion to do any thing. The abetment may be by instigation, conspiracy or intentional aid, as provided in the three clauses of Section 107. Section 109 provides that if the act abetted is committed in consequence of abetment and there is no provi- sion for the punishment of such abetment, then the offender is to be punished with the punish- ment provided for the original offence. “Abetted” in Section 109 means the specific offence abetted. Therefore, the offence for the abetment of which a person is charged with the abetment is normally linked with the proved offence.”
4 (2007) 10 SCC 797
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12. In Analendu Pal Alis Jhantu v. State of West
Bengal5 dealing with expression of abetment the Court ob-
served:-
“The expression “abetment” has been defined un- der Section 107 IPC which we have already ex- tracted above. A person is said to abet the com- mission of suicide when a person instigates any person to do that thing as stated in clause Firstly or to do anything as stated in clauses Secondly or Thirdly of Section 107 IPC. Section 109 IPC provides that if the act abetted is committed pur- suant to and in consequence of abetment then the offender is to be punished with the punish- ment provided for the original offence. Learned counsel for the respondent State, however, clearly stated before us that it would be a case where clause Thirdly of Section 107 IPC only would be attracted. According to him, a case of abetment of suicide is made out as provided for under Section 107 IPC.”
13. As we find from the narration of facts and the material
brought on record in the case at hand, it is the suicide note
which forms the fulcrum of the allegations and for proper
appreciation of the same, we have reproduced it
herein-before. On a plain reading of the same, it is difficult
to hold that there has been any abetment by the
respondents. The note, except saying that the respondents
compelled him to do everything and cheated him and put
5 (2010) 1 SCC 707
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him in deep trouble, contains nothing else. The
respondents were inferior in rank and it is surprising that
such a thing could happen. That apart, the allegation is
really vague. It also baffles reason, for the department had
made him the head of the investigating team and the High
Court had reposed complete faith in him and granted him
the liberty to move the court, in such a situation, there was
no warrant to feel cheated and to be put in trouble by the
officers belonging to the lower rank. That apart, he has also
put the blame on the Chief Judicial Magistrate by stating
that he had put pressure on him. He has also made the
allegation against the Advocate.
14. In Netai Dutta (supra), a two-Judge Bench, while
dealing with the concept of abetment under Section 107
I.P.C. and, especially, in the context of suicide note, had to
say this:
“In the suicide note, except referring to the name of the appellant at two places, there is no reference of any act or incidence whereby the appellant herein is alleged to have committed any wilful act or omission or intentionally aided or instigated the deceased Pranab Kumar Nag in committing the act of suicide. There is no case that the appellant has played any part or any role in any conspiracy, which ultimately instigated or
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resulted in the commission of suicide by deceased Pranab Kumar Nag.
Apart from the suicide note, there is no allegation made by the complainant that the appellant herein in any way was harassing his brother, Pranab Kumar Nag. The case registered against the appellant is without any factual foundation. The contents of the alleged suicide note do not in any way make out the offence against the appellant. The prosecution initiated against the appellant would only result in sheer harassment to the appellant without any fruitful result. In our opinion, the learned Single Judge seriously erred in holding that the First Information Report against the appellant disclosed the elements of a cognizable offence. There was absolutely no ground to proceed against the appellant herein. We find that this is a fit case where the extraordinary power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is to be invoked. We quash the criminal proceedings initiated against the appellant and accordingly allow the appeal.”
15. In M. Mohan (supra), while dealing with the
abatement, the Court has observed thus:
“Abetment involves a mental process of instigating a person or intentionally aiding a person in doing of a thing. Without a positive act on the part of the accused to instigate or aid in committing suicide, conviction cannot be sustained.
The intention of the Legislature and the ratio of the cases decided by this court are clear that in order to convict a person under section 306 IPC there has to be a clear mens rea to commit the offence. It also requires an active act or direct act which led the deceased to commit suicide seeing no option and this act must have been intended
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to push the deceased into such a position that he/she committed suicide.”
16. As far as Praveen Pradhan (supra), is concerned, Mr.
Rao, has emphatically relied on it for the purpose that the
Court had declined to quash the F.I.R. as there was a
suicide note. Mr. Rao has drawn out attention to paragraph
10 of the judgment, wherein the suicide note has been
reproduced. The Court in the said case has referred to
certain authorities with regard to Section 107 I.P.C. and
opined as under:
“In fact, from the above discussion it is apparent that instigation has to be gathered from the circumstances of a particular case. No straight-jacket formula can be laid down to find out as to whether in a particular case there has been instigation which force the person to commit suicide. In a particular case, there may not be direct evidence in regard to instigation which may have direct nexus to suicide.
Therefore, in such a case, an inference has to be drawn from the circumstances and it is to be determined whether circumstances had been such which in fact had created the situation that a person felt totally frustrated and committed suicide. More so, while dealing with an application for quashing of the proceedings, a court cannot form a firm opinion, rather a tentative view that would evoke the presumption referred to under Section 228 Cr.P.C.
Thus, the case is required to be considered in the light of aforesaid settled legal propositions.
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In the instant case, alleged harassment had not been a casual feature, rather remained a matter of persistent harassment. It is not a case of a driver; or a man having an illicit relationship with a married woman, knowing that she also had another paramour; and therefore, cannot be compared to the situation of the deceased in the instant case, who was a qualified graduate engineer and still suffered persistent harassment and humiliation and additionally, also had to endure continuous illegal demands made by the appellant, upon non-fulfillment of which, he would be mercilessly harassed by the appellant for a prolonged period of time. He had also been forced to work continuously for a long durations in the factory, vis-à-vis other employees which often even entered to 16-17 hours at a stretch. Such harassment, coupled with the utterance of words to the effect, that, “had there been any other person in his place, he would have certainly committed suicide” is what makes the present case distinct from the aforementioned cases considering the facts and circumstances of the present case, we do not think it is a case which requires any interference by this court as regards the impugned judgment and order of the High Court.”
17. We have quoted in extenso from the said judgment and
we have no hesitation in stating that the suicide note
therein was quite different, and the Court did think it
appropriate to quash the proceedings because of the tenor
and nature of the suicide note. Thus, the said decision is
distinguishable regard being had to the factual score
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exposited therein.
18. Coming to the case at hand, as we have stated earlier,
the suicide note really does not state about any continuous
conduct of harassment and, in any case, the facts and
circumstances are quite different. In such a situation, we
are disposed to think that the High Court is justified in
quashing the proceeding, for it is an accepted position in
law that where no prima facie case is made out against the
accused, then the High Court is obliged in law to exercise
the jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code and quash
the proceedings. [See V.P. Shrivastava v. Indian
Explosives Limited and Others6]
19. Before parting with the case, we are impelled to say
something. Mr. Bhushan, learned counsel appearing for the
respondent No. 1 & 2 has drawn our attention to a facet of
earlier judgment of the High Court wherein it has been
mentioned that at one time the deceased was pressurised by
some superior officers. We have independently considered
the material brought on record and arrived at our
conclusion. But, regard being had to the suicide note and
6 (2010) 10 SCC 361
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other concomitant facts that have been unfurled, we are
compelled to recapitulate the saying that suicide reflects a
“species of fear”. It is a sense of defeat that corrodes the
inner soul and destroys the will power and forces one to
abandon one’s own responsibility. To think of
self-annihilation because of something which is disagreeable
or intolerable or unbearable, especially in a situation where
one is required to perform public duty, has to be regarded
as a non-valiant attitude that is scared of the immediate
calamity or self-perceived consequence. We may hasten to
add that our submission has nothing to do when a case
under Section 306 IPC is registered in aid of Section 113A of
the Evidence Act, 1872.
20. In the result, we do not perceive any merit in the
appeal and the same stands dismissed accordingly.
..........................J. [Dipak Misra]
...........................J. [Prafulla C. Pant]
New Delhi, August 13, 2015.